1．develop
（1）v.发展；形成；养成；成长
He believes that sports can develop mind and body.
他相信运动有益于身心发展。
He developed his little store into a big department store.
他把小商铺发展成了大商场。
Land animals are thought to have developed from sea animals.
陆地动物被认为是由海洋动物进化而来的。
其他搭配：
develop a habit of 逐渐养成……的习惯
develop an interest in 逐渐培养在……方面的兴趣
（2）v.冲洗（胶卷）
He developed the photographs which he had taken.
他冲印了拍的照片。
拓展：
development n. 发展
with the development of 随着……的发展
比较：developing和developed
China is a developing country, while America is a developed country.
2．reason
（1）[C] 原因，理由，藉口（常常与介词for连用）
The reason for the flood was all that heavy rain.
这次洪水都是因为那场大雨引起的。（the reason for sth）
What is your reason for wanting to enter the country?
你想进入这国家的动机是什么？（the reason for doing sth）
The reason why/that he died was lack of medical care.
他的死因是缺乏医疗。（The reason why/that＋clause）
The reason why he came late to school was that he was too busy.
他迟到的原因是他太忙了。
“The reason why＋ clause was/is that＋clause.”是一个固定句型，指“某人做某事的原因是因为……”
注意：此句型中的表语从句的引导词不可用为because。
即下列句子为错句：
The reason why he came late to school was because he was too busy.（错误）
但because 引导的表语从句，可以回答why引导的从句。例如：
Why he came late to school was because he was too busy.
（why＋clause＋was/is＋because＋clause）
We have reasons to believe that he was murdered.
我们有理由相信他是被谋杀的。
（相当于：There are reasons to believe that he was murdered.
There be reasons to do sth或Sb have reasons to do sth 某人有理由做某事）
She's lied to me before. For this/that reason. I don't believe her now.
她从前曾对我说谎，因为这个缘故，我现在不相信她了。
（for… reason由于……原因）
（2）[U] 理性，道理
People are different from animals because they have the quality of reason.
人跟兽不同，因为人有理性。（理性）
There is a great deal of reason in his advice.
他的忠告极有道理。（道理）
（3）vt. & vi. 说服，推论，劝说
She can reason very clearly.
她能很清晰地思考。（vi. 推论，思考）
I reasoned that since she had not answered my letter she must be angry with me.
我推断，既然她没有给我回信，一定是生我的气了。（vt.推断，论证）
Try to reason him out of that idea.
尽力劝他别打那个主意。（reason sb out of sth 劝某人不做某事）
Try to reason him into going away quietly.
尽力劝他静静地走开。（reason sb. into doing sth劝某人做某事）
You should reason with the child instead of just telling him to obey.
你应该说服孩子，而不是只要他服从。（reason with sb. 说服/劝服某人）
相关搭配：
bring someone to reason 说服某人；使明白道理
by reason of (because of ) 因为，由于
do anything within reason 在合理范围内做任何事
it/that stands to reason 合乎道理，理所当然
with reason （指所说或相信的事）有道理，合乎情理
3．present
（1）vt.
①赠予；授予；给予（present sth. to sb. /present sb. with sth.）
They presented a sum of money to the college in memory of their son.
他们向学院赠送了一笔款以纪念他们的儿子。
②陈述；提交[present sth. (to…) ]
They presented a petition to the governor.
他们向总督递交了一份请愿书。
He presented his views and then sat down.
他陈述了他的观点然后坐下。
③引见；介绍（尤指向地位、级别高的人）（present sb. to sb.）
May I present my new assistant to you?
请允许我向你介绍我的新助手。
（2）adj.
①目前的，现在的（用作前置定语）
Can you tell me your present address?
能告诉我你现在的地址吗？
②在场的，到场的（用作表语或后置定语）
How many guests are present at the party?
有多少客人出席了这个晚会？
All the people present were moved to tears.
在场的人都感动了流下了泪。
（3）n.
①目前，现在（一般其前加the）
We learn from the past, experience the present and hope for success in the future.
我们向过去学习，经历现在，希望在将来取得成功。
②礼物，赠品（相当于gift）
a birthday [Christmas] present 生日[圣诞]礼物
4．elect vt. 选举，推选
They elected a president.
他们选举了总统。
They elected him as President.
他们选举他为总统。
注意：若选举某人担任某职位，且该职位只有一个时，通常不用冠词。
Our classmates elected him as / to be/ our monitor.
同学们选他为我们的班长。
They elected the old man to be chairman of the club.
他们推选那位老人为俱乐部主席。
辨析：elect, pick out, choose
elect是指通过正式手续的选举。
Roosevelt was elected four times to the presidency of the U.S.A.
罗斯福四次当选为美国总统。
choose通常指在所提供的对象中，凭个人的判断力进行选择。
We had to choose between leaving early and paying for a taxi.
我们不得不在早点动身和雇计程车中间作出选择。
There are ten to choose from.
有十个可供选择。
pick out比较通俗，指按个人喜好或希望进行挑选，多用于有形体的东西。
She picked out a scarf to wear with the dress.
她挑选了一条围巾以配上她穿的衣服。
5．effort n. 精力，力量；努力，奋斗
（1）作“精力；力量”时通常为不可数名词。
a waste of time and effort 一种时间和精力的浪费
They lifted the heavy rock without effort.
他们没费力就把那沉重的石块抬了起来。
（2）作“努力，奋斗”时常作可数名词。
His efforts were seen by everyone present.
他的努力在场的每个人都有目共睹。
搭配：
make an effort to do 努力做某事
make efforts to do =make every effort to do 尽一切努力做某事
spare no efforts to do 不遗余力做某事
in an effort to do 努力做某事
6．辨析：injure, wound, hurt, harm 伤害
injure伤害，损害（感情），损害（名誉）。普通用词，常指各种性质的身体上或精神上的伤害。多指事故中人或物的损伤，包括容貌、生理、身体等。
In the traffic accident, two were killed and three got injured.
在交通事故中，两人遇难，三人受伤。
He was so injured in his pride that he stayed at home all day without meeting anyone.
他的自尊受到了如此的伤害以至于他成天待在家里，不见外人。
wound使受伤，伤害，损害。主要指“外界暴力或用武器”造成身体上较重的伤害，像刀伤、枪伤、刺伤等。多指战场上受伤，还可以指精神的创伤。
The soldier was badly wounded in the head.
这个士兵头部受了重伤。
The bullet wounded his arm.
子弹打伤了他的胳膊。
hurt伤害（感情）。普通用词，没有injure正式，常用于口语。多用于有生命的东西，常指肉体上的伤害，也可以指精神上的痛苦或感情上的伤害。作不及物动词，表“疼痛”。
Luckily no one was seriously hurt in the car accident.
幸运的是车祸中没有人受伤。
The girl fell off her bike, and one of her legs hurt.
女孩从车上摔下来一条腿受伤了。
harm 常用于口语，表示肉体或精神上的伤害均可以，有时可引起不安、不便。
There was a fire in our street, but no one was harmed.
Getting up early won’t harm you!
7．attention n. 注意；专心；留心
You must pay attention to the teacher. Do not let your attention wander.
你必须注意听老师讲课，不要分散注意力。
（pay attention to sth./doing sth.注意……）
Old cars need a lot of attention to keep them working.
旧车子需要注意保养才不会坏。（注意）
The officer ordered the men to stand at attention during the whole ceremony.
军官命令士兵们在仪式过程中立正站着。（stand at attention 立正）
相关搭配：
be all attention 全神贯注
draw one's attention 引起某人的注意
draw attention to 对……表示注意
1．go up 上升，增长；被兴建起来
The water in the river has gone up.
New buildings are going up everywhere in the city.
With the cost of living going up, they find it hard to make ends meet.
表示“上升、增长”之意时，还可用rise和raise.
其中rise为vi, 而raise为vt. 例如：
The price has gone up.
=The price has risen.
=They have raised the price.
2．relate to
（1）能理解或同情某人/某事物(be able to understand and sympathize with sb. / sth.)
Some adults can’t relate to children.
有些成年人不理解孩子的想法。
（2）关系到，涉及到(be connected with sb. / sth. else)
The letter related to the sale of the house.
这封信涉及房子的出售。
相关搭配：
（1）relate…to… 向……讲述；把……和……联系起来
He has no opportunity of relating the incident to her.
他没机会向她讲述这个事件。
If you relate the results to the cause, you will find things are not that simple.
如果你把结果与原因联系起来，你会发现事情并不那么简单。
（2）(be)related to 与……相关
Wealth is seldom related to happiness.
财富鲜与幸福相关。
the crime related to drug abuse
与滥用麻醉药品有关的犯罪
3．for once 仅此一次；作为例外 (on this occasion only; as an exception)
(just) for once=just this once
Just for once he arrived on time.
只有这次他是按时到了。
He does not usually allow people to leave work early but he’ll let you do it just for once.
他通常不准许员工早退，但这次他破例让你走了。
4．get sb. to do sth. 使/说服……做某事 (cause, persuade, etc sb./sth. to do sth.)
He got his sister to help him with his homework.
他让他妹妹帮他做家庭作业。
I can’t get her to talk at all.
我简直无法叫她开口说话。
5．adapt (oneself) to sth. 适应（新环境等）(become adjusted to new conditions, etc.)
Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark.
我们的眼睛慢慢适应了黑暗的环境。
She adapted (herself) quickly to the new climate.
她很快适应了这种新的气候。
adapt sth. (for sth.) (from sth.) (为电视、舞台等)改编或改写（稿本）（alter or modify a text for television, the stage, etc.）
This novel has been adapted for radio form the Russian original.
这部小说已由俄文原著改编成了无线电广播节目。
6．be/get/become addicted to 对……上瘾；沉溺于……(unable to stop taking or using sth. as a habit, strongly interested in sth.)
Soon he becomes addicted to cigarettes.
他很快吸烟上了瘾。
Children are addicted to television.
孩子们看电视上瘾了。
注意：be addicted to 中to是介词，故后要接动词V-ing形式。
He is addicted to drinking.
他嗜酒成瘾。
7．inform sb. of /about sth. 通知某人某事 (give sb. knowledge of sth.; tell sb.)
I will inform you of my arrival.
我会把抵达的日期通知你。
inform sb. ＋从句
He informed the police that some money was missing.
他向警方报案说有些钱不见了。
inform sb. ＋疑问词＋to do
Can you inform me what I am going to do?
你能告诉我该干什么吗？
8．look up to sb. 尊敬某人(admire or respect sb.)
She has always looked up to her father.
她一向崇敬她的父亲。
The young should look up to the old.
年轻人应该尊敬老人。
反意词组：look down on /upon sb. 看不起某人
She looks down upon those who’ve never been to university.
她瞧不起没上过大学的人。
1．Newspapers and other media do more than simply record what happens.
报纸和其他媒介并不仅仅记录已发生的事情。
（1）该句中的do是助动词，起强调作用，用以加强说话者的语气。
Do remember to remind me to return the book I borrowed from you.
一定要提醒我把向你借的书还你。
（2）more than多于，超过（用于数目前）；
He has more than 300 pictures.
more than还可用于名词、形容词、动词等前面，表示“不仅仅；极为，非常；难以；不能”
She’s more than a teacher to us.
对我们而言她不仅仅是名老师。
I was more than glad to see them.
我非常高兴见到他们。
We are more than pleased with the results.
我们对结果极为满意。
The boy more than smiled but laughed.
这男孩不仅微笑，而是放声大笑了。
That is more than I can tell.
那是怎么回事我实在难说。
注意：more than 后接“one＋名词”时，语意上为复数“许多”，但谓语动词用单数。
More than one house was burnt down in the fire.
多间房屋在大火中被烧毁了。
2．The result is a better understanding of the world on all sides, leading to a future world where people from all countries are respected and different views and opinions are tolerated.
结果大家就能够对世界的方方面面有更好的认识，以至于在未来的世界里，所有国家的人都能够得到尊重，所有不同的观点和意见都能够受到包容。
（1）on all sides (=on every side)在各方面，到处
On all sides there was great enthusiasm over his speech.
On every side we have heard approval of his plan.
（2）leading to…是现在分词作状语。又如：
The child slipped and fell down, hitting his head against the door.
Fifteen million trees had been blown down by the high winds, blocking roads, paths and railway lines.
（3）tolerate vt. 忍受，容忍；允许
Many people said they couldn’t tolerate the noise.
Unable to tolerate the miserable working conditions there, the men left the mine.
I can’t tolerate your bad manners any longer.
Our school never tolerates cheating in exams.
3．More than ninety responsible caring citizens made their voices heard.
90多位富有爱心和责任心的公民发出了自己的呼声。
句中make 后接复合宾语，their voices是宾语，过去分词heard是宾语补足语。make的宾语补足语还可以是不带to的不定式、形容词、过去分词、名词等。
（1）make sb. do sth. 让某人做某事
Nothing can make me change my mind.
（2）make sb＋adj.使某人……
His coming makes me happy.
他的来访使我很开心。
（3）make sb. /oneself＋v-ed 让某人/自己被……
His actions made him universally respected.
他的行为使他受到普遍尊敬。
Can you make yourself understood in English?
你能用英语把意思表达清楚吗？（使你自己被明白吗）
（4）make sb.＋n. 使某人成为……
Lu Xun’s works make him a great success.
鲁迅的作品使他成为一个成功者。
（5）make it ＋n. /adj. (for sb.) to do sth.
The noise made it impossible for us to sleep.
那噪音使我们不能入睡。
People make it a rule to send presents to each other during the New Years.
人们习惯于在新年互送礼物。
4．Brave and strong, the activists talked to workers outside the factory…
brave and strong 是形容词作状语，形容词或形容词短语作状语，通常说明主语行为的原因、方式、伴随状况等。
Cold and hungry, he decided to stop and have a rest.
又冷又饿，他决定停下来休息一会儿。(表原因)
Ripe, the oranges taste sweet.
这些橘子熟了，味道甜美。（表方式）
1．过去分词作定语
单个的过去分词在句子中作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之前，而过去分词短语作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。通常情况下，过去分词与被修饰的名词之间为被动关系，常可换成被动形式的定语从句。例如：
spoken English 英语口语
written paper 写过了的纸
a wounded soldier 一个受了伤的士兵
moved tears 激动的泪水
a girl named Mary 一个叫玛丽的女孩
注意：还有一些过去分词做定语时，并不一定与被修饰的名词间有被动关系，但只强调已完成，或目前的状态。例如：
a developed country 一个发达的国家
the risen sun 已升起的太阳
2．过去分词作表语
过去分词放在动词之后作表语，表示“因……而……的”，常常强调的是句子的主语受到外界的影响而产生的变化。而现在分词在句子中作表语时，表示“令人……的”，强调的是句子的主语本身所具有的特性。
（1）常用的具有这种词形变化的词有：
interest — interesting — interested
excite — exciting —excited
surprise —surprising —surprised
disappoint —disappointing —disappointed
例如：
—How did the audience receive the new play?
观众对这个新剧反映如何？
—They got very excited.
他们非常激动。
