1.state n.
(1)国家;政府(常大写)
例如:Should industry be controlled by the State?
工业应受政府管制吗?(政府)
What is the proper relationship between Church and State?
教会与政府间应有的关系是什么?(政府)
We must develop China into an advanced state.
我们必须把中国发展成为一个发达国家。(国家)
相关用法:
state-owned railways 国家铁路
state-owned enterprises 国有企业
matters of state 国家事务
state secrets 国家机密
(2)州
例如:How many states are there in America?
美国一共有多少个州?
Queensland is one of the states of Australia.
昆士兰是澳洲的一个州。
(3)状态;情形
例如:She let herself get into a state before the exam began.
她在考试开始之前紧张不已。(状态)
How is the football match coming along? What’s the state of play?
足球赛进行得如何?比赛情形怎样?(情形)
state 还可以用作动词。
(1)陈述;声明;阐明(尤指正式地)(to say, express or put into words esp. formally)
例如:State your name and address.
请说出你的名字和地点。
This book states the case for women’s rights very clearly.
这本书对女权的问题叙述得很清楚。
(2)预定;指定;排定(to set in advance; fix)
例如:Theatre tickets must be used on the stated date.
戏院门票必须在指定日期使用。
2.influence
※n. power to change what someone believes or does 影响;作用
※n. power that someone has because of his money, job,
etc. 势力;权势
※n. person or thing that can change someone or something
有影响或权威的人或事
※vt. change someone or something; make someone
do what you want影响;感化;左右
(1)作名词,表示“影响;作用”,常与on或among连用。
例如:The idea has influence among statesmen.
这种观点在政治家中间有影响。
The teacher’s influence on me is great.
老师对我的影响很大。
(2)作名词,还可以表示“势力;权势”。
例如:Tony got a job in the factory because his uncle had influence there.
托尼在那个工厂里找到了一个工作,因为他叔叔在那里有权势。
(3)作名词,表示“有影响或权威的人或事”。
例如:Dick is a big influence on his younger brother.
迪克对他弟弟有很大的影响。
(4)作及物动词,表示“影响;感化,左右”。
例如:What we read influences our thinking.
我们所阅读的书籍会影响我们的思想。
词组:under the influence 喝醉
have an influence on… 对……有影响
3.judge vt.& vi.
(1)判断;评判(to form or give an opinion about sb /sth.)
例如:A man should be judged by his deeds, not his words.
要判定一个人,应着眼其行为而不是言语。(judge…by…)
Judge whether he’s right or wrong.
判别他是对是错。(judge whether…)
I judge that it’s bigger.
我认为它更大。(judge+that-从句)
How can I judge?
我怎么能下论断呢?(vi.)
I judge it (to be) the biggest.
我认为它是最大的。[judge sth. /sb. (to be) +n. /adj.]
(2)审判(法律案件)(to act as a judge in a law case)
例如:Who will judge the next case?
下个案件将由谁审判?
God will judge all men.
神会审判所有人。(比喻)
注意:作状语时,不管judge的逻辑主语与它存在主动还是被动关系,都用其现在分词形式,常用作judging
from/by…,意为“根据……来判断”。例如:
Judging from /by what you say, he ought to succeed.
照你的话看来,他应该成功。
Judging from /by his accent, he is America.
从他的口音来判断,他是美国人。
相关意思:
judge:①法官;②裁判(尤指竞赛中);③鉴赏家
judgment n. 判决;判断;意见
pass judgment on(在法庭为一案件)作判决
4.own
(1)v. 拥有;据有
例如:This car is mine. I own it.
这辆车是我的,我拥有它。
(2)adj.自己的
例如:This is my own house.(相当于:This is the house of my own.)
这是我自己的房子。(常与one’s搭配,使用one’s own sth.或sth. be of one’s own结构)
(3)n. 属于自己的东西(或人)
例如:My time is my own, I can spend it as I wish.
我的时间是我自己的,我可以自由支配。
注意:下列四句,意思基本相同:
He owns a car. (vt.)
The car is his own. (n.)
This is his own car. (adj.)
This is a car of his own. (n.)
5.employ vt.
(1)雇用;使用(to use a person as a paid worker)
例如:The firm employs about 100 men.
这家公司雇佣了约百个人。(employ sb.)
We employ her as an adviser.
我们聘请她当顾问。(employ sb. as…)
(2)使用(正式)(to use)
例如:The police had to employ force in order to break up the crowd.
警方为了驱散群众,不得不使用武力。(employ sth.)
This bird employs its beak as a weapon.
这只鸟使用鸟啄作武器。(employ sth. as…)
(3)(正式)消磨时间(to spend time),常与介词in搭配。
例如:She employs all her free time in sewing.
她所有的闲瑕时间都用在缝纫上。
派生词:
employable adj. 适用于雇佣的
employee n. 受雇者;雇工;雇员
employer n. 雇主;老板
employment n. 就业;使用;工作;职业
6.approach vt. & vi.
(1)向……靠近;接近(to come near /or nearer to)
例如:We approached the camp. 我们接近营地。(vt.)
We approached with care. 我们小心地接近。(vi.)
The time is approaching when we must leave.
我们该离去的时间愈来愈接近了。
His work is approaching perfection. 他的工作近乎完美。
(2)与……打交道;(第一次)向……接洽;商谈(to speak to, esp. about sth. for the first
time)
例如:Did he approached you about lending him some money?
他有没有向你接洽有关借钱给他的事?(approach sb. about sth.)
(3)着手处理(问题);开始考虑(to begin to consider or deal with sth.)
例如:He approached the difficulty with great thought.
他开始用心去思考那困难。
approach 也可用作 n.
(1)靠近;接近
例如:Our approach drove away the wild animals.
我们一走近,野生动物都跑开了。
The approach of winter brings cold weather.
冬天带来了寒冷的天气。
(2)入门;途径(a means /way of entering)
例如:All approaches to the town were blocked.
所有通往城镇的道路都被阻塞了。
We left our car in the station approach.
我们把车子留在车站入口处。
(3)(处理问题的)方法;步骤(a manner /method of doing sth.)
例如:The player’s approach to the music is quite different from
anyone else’s.
演奏者处理乐曲的方式跟其它人很不同。
His book presents a new approach to the difficulty.
他的书对于该项难题提出新的处理方法。
1.consist of 由……组成;由……构成(相当于be made up of, 但consist of无被动语态和进行时)
例如:The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
英国包括大不列颠与北爱尔兰。
The committee consists of 10 members.
这个委员会是由10个成员组成的。
相关词组:consist in 在于;基于(to have as a base; depend
on)
例如:True freedom consists in the absence of laws.
没有法律的限制才会有真正的自由。
The beauty of Venice consists in the
style of its ancient buildings.
威尼斯之美在于它古代建筑之风格。
2.be made up of 由……组成
如要表示“B由A组成的”,主动形式为:A make up B.
被动形式为:B is made up of A.
注意:词组中的介词of不可用为by.例如:
This medical team is made up of ten doctors.
这支医疗队是由10个医生组成的。(主动语态为:Ten doctors make up this medical team.)
80% of China’s population are made
up of peasants.
中国人口的80%是由农民组成的。(主动语态为:Peasants make up 80% of China’s population.)
3.make the most of 充分利用;充分展示(get the best use or greatest gain
from)
He doesn’t do well because he doesn’t make
the most of his ability.
他做得不好是因为没尽全力。
She was admitted to university at the age of 40, so she wanted
to make the most of the time to learn and to do something for the
society.
她40岁考上大学,所以她立志要充分利用时间来学习和为社会做有益的事。
1.The idea that England stands for Fish and Chips,
Speakers’ Corner, Big Ben and the Tower of London is past.
认为炸鱼、土豆条、演讲角、大本钟和伦敦象征英国的时代已经过去了。
此句中that引导的从句,用作同位语来解释idea的具体内容,称为同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词(如:belief,
fact, hope, idea, news, problem, possibility, promise等)的后面,用以说明或解释前面的名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的词最常见的是连词that.例如:
The possibility that people would have to share rooms was
not mentioned.
人们不得不合住房间,这种可能性并没有提出来过。
句中的同位语从句,与名词possibility同位,用以说明这种“可能性”。引导同位语从句的词除连词that外,还可用连接副词how,
when, where, why等。例如:
I have no idea when
Jack will be back.
我不知道杰克什么时候回来。
He can’t answer the question how
he got the money.
他无法回答这笔钱是怎样得到的。
注意:同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
比较下面两个句子:
We expressed the hope (that)
they had expressed.
我们表达了他们曾经表示过的那种期望。(定语从句)
We expressed the hope that they would
come to visit China again.
我们表示希望他们再来访问中国。(同位语从句)
区别方法:
①从语法上。引导同位语从句的that是连词,只起连接作用,在从句中不作任何句子成分。而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,除了起连接作用外,还在从句中作句子成分。
②从意义上。同位语从句与前面所修饰的名词是同位关系,解释说明名词的内容是什么。而定语从句与前面所修饰的名词是所属关系,表示“……的”,起修饰作用。
③用法上。同位语从句连词that不能省略,而定语从句中关系代词that所指代的先行词在从句中作宾语时,往往可以省略。
2.Wales had already been conquered by England in
1283, but it was not until 250 years later that they formed a
single state.
威尔士早在1283年就被英格兰征服了,但是直到250年后才成立了一个单独的国家。
句中的it was not until…是一个强调句型。原句应为:They didn’t form a single
state until 250 years later.
在英语中,如要用it is /was …that /who…句型来强调until引导的从句,则必须把主句中的not一起带上,形成:it
is /was not until…that…结构。例如:
我是直到妈妈回来才上床睡觉的。
It was not until my mother came back that I went to bed.
另外,not…until结构中,如要把until所引导的从句放在句首,通常主句中的not也一起带上,并且主句要用部分倒装。例如:
Not until my mother came back did I go to bed.
直到妈妈回来后,我才上床睡觉。