1．persuade vt. 说服；劝服；使某人相信（常与into, to或out of连用）。例如：
Try to persuade him to let us go with him.
试着说服他让我们跟他一起去。（persuade sb. to do sth.）
Nothing would persuade him.
没有什么能够说服他。(persuade sb.)
He persuaded the piece of wood into the little crack.
他把木头慢慢地插入裂缝。（比喻）（persuade sth. into sth.）
Who persuaded you into writing the letter?
谁劝你写那封信的？（persuade sb. into doing sth.）
She can persuade him out of his foolish plans.
她能劝他放弃那些愚蠢的计划。（persuade sb. out of sth.）
She persuaded me that she was telling the truth.
她使我相信她说的是真话。（使相信）
How can you persuade us of your honesty?
你怎么才能使人们相信你是诚实的呢？
（persuade sb. of sth.使某人相信某事）
注意：
persuade sb. to do sth. 指成功地劝说某人去做某事。
advise sb. to do sth. 指建议某人去做某事，并不意味着结果成功与否。
例如：
He persuaded me to give up my plan.
在他的劝说下，我放弃了那个计划。
He advised me to give up my plan.
他劝我放弃我的计划。（并不知道结果）
2．lack
（1）v. 缺乏，没有（not have; to be without）
We lacked food. 我们缺少食物。（lack sth vt.）
He completely lacks conscience. 他完全没有良心。（lack sth vt.）
Their courage is lacking. 他们欠缺勇气。（vi. be lacking 欠缺，缺）
He is not lacking in intelligence.
他不缺乏智慧。[be lacking in 缺乏（某种品质、特点等）]
（2）n. 需要（absence or need), 常与of连用。例如：
The plants died through /for lack of water.
植物因缺水而枯死了。
That was another example of their lack of experience.
这又是一个他们缺乏经验的例子。
3．discourage
（1）vt. 使泄气；使失去信心（to take away courage and spirit from）
It discourages me that every time I try to ride a bicycle I fall off.
我每次骑脚踏车都跌倒真叫人沮丧。（sth discourage sb）
（此句相当于：It is discouraging that every time…）
（2）阻挠，妨碍（try to prevent, put difficulties in the way）
We discourage smoking in this school.
本校不鼓动学生抽烟。
（3）劝阻；使打断念头（try to prevent sb. from doing sth）
His mother discouraged him from joining the navy, saying that it was a hard life, but he refused to be discouraged.
他母亲劝阻他加入海军，说海军生活苦，但他不为所动。
派生词：discouragement n.
反义词：encourage v. 鼓励
encouragement n.
4．recover v.
（1）恢复；取回；得回（get back sth. lost or taken away）
The police recovered the stolen jewellery.
警方找回了被偷的珠宝。
When he recovered consciousness after the accident he asked“Where am I?”
他在事故后醒时问，“我在哪里？”
（2）恢复健康、体力、能力等，常与from连用。
（to return to the usual state of health, strength , ability, etc）
He has recovered from his bad cold and can go out tomorrow.
他重感冒已经好了，明天可以外出了。
Has the country recovered yet from the effect of the war?
国家是否已从战争的影响下恢复了原貌？
He almost fell, but succeeded in recovering himself.
他差一点跌倒，但恢复了平衡。
派生词：recovery n.
5．cheer
v. shout to show that you are pleased 欢呼；喝彩
v. make someone happy 使高兴；使快慰
n. shout of joy or encouragement 欢呼；喝彩
（1）cheer作“欢呼；喝彩”之意时常为不及物动词。例如：
The crowds cheered as the old man ran to the finish.
老人跑到终点，人群欢呼起来。（vi.）
（2）cheer作“使高兴；使快慰”解时是及物动词，后接“人”作宾语，可以构成被动语态。例如：
The audience cheered the movie star as she walked on stage.
电影明星走上舞台时观众向她欢呼。（vt.cheer sb.）
The thought cheered him. 这个想法鼓舞了他。
（3）cheer作名词时常为可数名词，表示“欢呼（声）；喝彩（声）”。例如：
Let’s give three cheers for our team －they’ve won!
让我们为我们队欢呼三声，他们赢了！
习语：
be of good cheer 兴致勃勃；鼓起勇气
with good cheer 欢乐地；心甘情愿地
give three cheers(for) （为……）欢呼三声
cheer up（用话）鼓舞（某人）；高兴起来；振奋起来；别灰心！
同义词：encourage vt. 鼓励
反义词：displease v. 使沮丧；使不快
6．chemical
n. chemical product 化学制品
adj. of chemistry化学的
（1）chemical作“化学制品”解时为可数名词，常以复数形式出现。例如：
He planted vegetables in his garden and sold them to buy chemicals.
他在园子里种菜，卖掉菜再买化学药品。
（2）chemical作形容词用时无比较级、最高级的变化，意思是“化学（上）的”。例如：
He now holds an important position in a large chemical works.
现在他在化工厂担任重要职务。
This change of state is a physical change and not a chemical one.
这种状态的变化是物理变化，而不是化学变化。
7．contrary
adj. opposed; opposite 相反的
n. the exact opposite 反面，相反
（1）contrary作形容词时口气比opposite强烈，有“正（恰恰）相反”的意思，常与介词to连用。例如：
He has a contrary opinion.
他有相反的看法。
His views are contrary to mine.
他的看法与我正相反。
（2）contrary作名词时为可数名词，常在前面加一定冠词。例如：
Hot is the contrary of cold.
热是冷的反面。
Dreams go by contraries.
梦想与实际相反。
What he told me was the contrary of what you told me.
他告诉我的和你告诉我的正相反。
习语：be contrary to 与……相反
on the contrary（与此）相反
to the contrary 与此相反地，尽管……
同义词：opposite adj. 相反的
反义词：same adj. 相同的
8．suffer from 遭受（痛苦、疾病、损失等）
[experience (sth unpleasant, such as an illness)esp. over a period of time]
She suffers from headaches. 她常闹头疼。
Perhaps you suffer from overwork. 或许你是工作过度了。
suffer还可作及物动词，指“受痛苦，受折磨，受损失”。例如：
He suffered a great deal during the war.
战争期间他吃了不少苦头。
The city suffered great destruction in the war.
那个城市在战争中遭到了巨大的破坏。
She suffered the loss of memory.
她失去了记忆。
另外，suffer还可作“容忍”之意。例如：
I cannot suffer my children to think themselves above others.
我不能容忍孩子们自以为比别人优越。
派生词：
suffering 意为“苦难，痛苦，不幸的感受”，例如：
Will they make life better, or will they bring suffering to people?
它们能使人们生活得更好呢？还是给人们带来痛苦呢？
1．AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body’s immune system and leaves a person defenseless against infections and illnesses.
艾滋病是一种破坏人的免疫系统，使人体对感染疾病没有抵抗能力的疾病。
(1) 关系代词that引导的定语从句修饰名词a disease，定语从句又含有一个and连接的并列句。
(2) break down意为“破坏；拆散”、“(机器、车辆)损坏；抛锚”、“(谈判)破裂”、“精神崩溃；身体累垮”、“起化学变化”。如：
Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances.
人体中的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。
The robbers broke the door down.
强盗把门砸开了。
The peace talks are said to have broken down.
据说和谈破裂了。
The car broke down halfway to the camp.
车子在去营地的半路上抛锚了。
break的相关短语：
break the law 犯法 break out (战争、灾害)突然爆发
break into 破门而入 break up 打碎；拆散；(物理)分解
break the silence 打破沉寂 break in 打断(谈话)；突然闯入
break through 突破
break away from 摆脱(束缚)；克服(习惯)；脱离(政府)
用上述break短语的适当形式填空：
①The police ____ the fighting crowd.
②After the storm the sun ____ the clouds.
③The thieves ____ the office and stole some money.
④It was almost midnight that a fire ____ in the neighbourhood.
(3) 这里leave是使役动词，意为“留下/使……处于某种状态”，后接形容词、副词、分词作宾语补足语。如：
The window was left open.
窗子开着。
They went back home, leaving the work unfinished.
他们撂下未完成的工作回家了。
2．Medical studies show that the AIDS virus can not be transmitted via the following routes: cups, glasses, toilet seats, swimming pools, mosquitoes, other insects or blood donation.
医学研究表明艾滋病不会通过下列渠道传播：水杯、茶杯、坐便器、游泳池、蚊子、其它昆虫，或献血。
（1）virus n. 病毒，复数形式在后直接加es.例如：
the flue virus 流感病毒
rabic virus 狂犬病
AIDS virus 艾滋病毒
（2）via prep. 经由；通过（by way of; through）例如：
We can send them a note via the internal mail system.
我们可以通过内部邮件系统给他们发个通知。
You can go from London to Washington via New York.
你可以从伦敦经纽约到华盛顿。
Sometimes doctors and patients communicate via gesture language.
有时候医生与病人用手势交流。
3．People get AIDS after having been infected with the HIV virus.
被感染上HIV病毒的人会得艾滋病。
be infected with意为“感染, 沾染上”，infect是动词，意为“使感染”、“传染”。
Mary's high spirits infected all the girls in the class.
玛丽振奋的精神感染了班上所有的女孩子。
All the tomato plants are infected with a virus.
所有的西红柿植物都感染上了一种病毒。
4．The disease is spreading faster in Africa...mainly because of a lack of proper health care, prevention and education.
这种病在非洲……传播很快，主要是因为缺乏足够的健康护理、预防措施和知识教育。
（1）spread (spread, spread)用作及物动词，意为“展开”、“使延长”、“涂, 敷”，用作不及物动词，意为“展开”、“传染开”等。如：
The bird spread its wing. 鸟儿伸展翅膀。
Coloured banners spread in the wind. 彩旗迎风招展。
The fire spread from the factory to the houses nearby.
大火从工厂蔓延烧到附近的房子。
（2）because 和because of都表示“因为”，但前者是连词，后接完整句子，后者则是介词短语，后接名词、代词或what引导的从句。有时，二者可以转换。如：
I didn't go out because of rain.
因为下雨, 所以我没有出去。
John didn't attend the meeting because he was ill.
=John didn't attend the meeting because of illness.
约翰没有出席会议, 因为他病了。
She cried just because of what you said.
正是由于你的话才使得她大哭起来。
5．The cancer in my body has been defeated for the moment, but I know that I will never be completely free from it.
我体内的癌症暂时被打败了，但是我知道我永远不会彻底摆脱它。
（1）及物动词defeat意为“战胜，击败”，宾语必须是人或一个集体，如a team，a class，an army等。如：
He was defeated in the election.
他在竞选中被击败了。
Jim defeated Tom by about a metre and won the race at last.
吉姆以大约一米的优势击败汤姆，最后赢得了比赛。
（2）for the moment意为“暂时, 目前”，在句中作状语。如：
Let's carry on with what we agreed for the moment.
咱们继续执行目前达成一致的部分吧。
有关moment短语：
in a moment 立刻，立即
for a moment 一会儿
at any moment 随时；在任何时候
at the last moment 在最后关头
at the moment 此刻； (正当)那时
the moment 一……就
（3）be free from 意为“解除；没有……的”。如：
The old lady is never free from pain.
老妇人一直在受苦。
The secretary was free from all blame for the errors.
这些失误完全不能怪秘书。
用适当的介词填空：
①Can you wait ____ a moment?
②I'm afraid she's not here ____ the moment.
③This organization is free ____ tax worldwide.
虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式，用来表示假设、猜测、建议、主观愿望、夸张或空想，而非客观存在的事实。它可用在条件状语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、状语从句以及一些表示愿望、祝愿等句型中。
1．虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法。
虚拟语气用于条件句较多，情况也比较复杂，所以要特别加以注意。首先要判断一下是否应该用虚拟语气，因为条件句分为两种，一种是真实条件句，一种是非真实条件句，只有在非真实条件句中才用虚拟语气（在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气）。
（1）与现在事实相反：
主句：S＋情态动词的过去时（should /could /would /might）＋do（动词原形）＋…，
从句：S＋did＋….（谓语动词如是be一律用were）
If I were you, I would go at once.
If she had time, she would help you with your English.
（2）与过去事实相反：
主句：S＋情态动词的过去时（should /could /would /might）＋have done＋…，
从句：S＋had 过去分词＋…
If you had been there last night, nothing would have happened.
If he had got to the airport earlier, he would have caught the plane.
（3）与将来事实可能相反：
主句：S＋would /should /might /could＋do（动词原形）＋…
If it were Sunday tomorrow, we wouldn’t have an exam.
If you were to visit the school, you would see me.
If you should meet him, you would say“hello”to him.
※错综时间条件句
有时非真实条件句中，主句谓语动词所表示的动作和条件从句中谓语动词所表示的动作并不同时发生，这时动词的形式并不完全按照上述情况来进行，而需要按照各自的时间来调整，这样的句子就叫错综时间条件句。
If you had followed the doctor’s advice (then), you would be all right now.
If you had watered them more, the crops would be growing still better.
If he had prepared well for his lessons yesterday, he wouldn’t have so many difficulties now.
※用相当于if的其他连词表示虚拟结构。
I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you.
※通过上下文来表示虚拟。
I would have given you more money, but I was so poor then.
I would have called you, but I forgot your telephone number.
※虚拟条件从句中的省略与倒装。
Were I you (=If I were you), I would do it better.
Had they made preparations (= If they had made preparations), they would have succeeded.
Should I meet her (If I should meet her), I would tell her.
2．虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。
（1）在suggest, insist, demand, command, order, propose, desire等动词后的宾语从句，表示欲望、建议、命令等时，用虚拟语气。
句型：S＋should（可省略）＋do.
He suggested that they (should) leave the hotel at once.
They requested that the second language (should) be learned.
The manager insisted that the gift (should) not be accepted.
※suggest表示“暗示”、“略微透露”、“表明”时后面的宾语从句用陈述语气。insist表“坚持”、“认为”解，它后面的宾语从句用陈述语气。
Her face suggested that she was angry.
她的脸色暗示她很生气。
The detective’s tone suggested she didn’t care about it.
侦探的语调表明她对此不关心。
He insisted that he was innocent.
他坚称/坚持认为他是无辜的。
（2）在wish后的宾语从句中需要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件句中从句时态的应用→时态后移。
I wish I were in your position.
The engineer wishes he hadn’t made the big mistake.
She wishes she would go there with me.
I wish it could be of more use in the future.
试翻译下列句子：
①我希望有一天能取消考试制度。(get rid of/eliminate)
②他希望他就是电影明星。
③如果我是布什总统，我就会从伊拉克撤军。
④如果你早点听了医生的建议，你早就好啦。
⑤如果那时我知道你的电话号码，我肯定给你打了电话。
3．虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。
句型：
（1）It is natural (suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, important, surprising, strange, funny)＋that＋S＋(should)＋do＋…
（2）It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, a honour)＋that＋S＋(should)＋do＋…
It is a pity that you (should) miss a good chance.
It has been decided that the sports (should) be put off till next month.
4．虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法。
用suggestion, proposal, order, insistence,plan, idea等词表示愿望、建议、命令等情绪时，虚拟语气从句中用should（可省略）＋do.
My suggestion that we (should) do the experiment again is reasonable.
