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Unit 8 First aid

 

一、本单元重难点单词

1.aid n.

(1)援助;帮助(相当于support /help. 作不可数名词。)

He went to the aid of the hurt man.

他对那受伤的人给予帮助。

What is the money in aid of?

这笔款子要作何用途?

(2)帮助者;有助之物(作可数名词)

A dictionary is an important aid in learning a new language.

词典对于学习新语言是很重要的工具书。

(3)注意句型:What…in aid of?相当于What…for?意为“作何用途?/ 你这是什么意思?”。例如:

-What’s this little handle in aid of?

 这个把手作何用途呢?

-It’s for starting the machine.

 是用来开动机器的。

常见短语:

call in sb’s aid 请某人援助

first aid 急救

an aid post 救护所

a hearing aid /an aid to hearing 助听器

2.bleed (bled; bled)

vi. 流血,出血 (to lose blood)

Your nose is bleeding. 你的鼻子在流血.

My heart bleeds for (=I feel very sorry for) those poor children.

我的心在为那些可怜的孩子感到悲伤. (bleed for… 为……而流血;悲痛,伤心)

vt.

(1)向(某人)榨取金钱,勒索 (to make someone pay too much money)

He bled them for every penny they’d got.

他榨取他们身上的每一文钱.

They bled us white. (=took all our money)

他们榨干了我们的钱财.(bleed sb. white 榨干血汗,榨完钱财)

(2)自……抽血;放血(draw blood from)

Doctors used to bleed people when they were ill.

过去(在有必要的时候)医生会给病人放血.

3.prevent vt. 预防;防止;阻止

prevent…(from)… 阻止某人做某事

“You are prevented from coming,” declared the doctor.

医生宣布“你不能进来。”

The heavy rain prevented us (from) coming yesterday.

昨天大雨阻止我们前进.

We must prevent these boys (from) making trouble.

我们必须阻止这些男孩子惹祸.

stop和keep也有此意。

What can stop us (from) going if we want to go?

如果我们想去,什么能阻止我们呢?

The heavy rain kept us from going out.

大雨使我们不能外出.

  注意:prevent sb. from doing sth.也可用作keep /stop sb. from doing sth.但keep sb. from doing sth.中的from不可省略。prevent /stop sb. from doing sth.中的from可省。但如用在被动语态,它们都不可省。

4.electrical adj. 电的;与电有关的

(1)与电有关的(concerned with electricity)。例如:

an electrical engineer 一个电机工程师

electrical engineering 电机工程

(2)用电的(using electricity in some way )

electrical apparatus 电器

比较:electric /electrical

 electric指“导电的,发电的,用电来工作或操作的”。例如:

 an electric clock 电钟

 an electric shock 电击

 an electric light 电灯

  而electrical则指“与电有关的”,用于与电有关的人或工作上,也用在与电的关系较普遍的语句上。例如:

  an electrical fault 一个电力故障

5.upside down adv. 颠倒地;翻转过来地;杂乱地,混乱地,乱七八糟地

Don’t hold the box upside down.

不要拿倒了盒子。

The picture was hung upside down.

那幅照片挂倒了。

The naughty boy turned the room upside down.

这个淘气的孩子把房子弄得乱七八糟。

Everything in the room was turned upside down.

房间的一切被弄得乱七八糟。

与upside down结构类似的表达法是:inside out 表里相反。

He worn the sweater inside out.

他把毛衣穿反了。

6.witness v.

(1)目击,亲眼看到(to be present at the time of and notice)

We witnessed a strange change in her.

我们亲眼看到她奇怪的变化。

(2)作证(to be present as a witness)

None could witness that he was present.

没有人能证明他是在场的。

(3)表明,表示,说明(to be a sign of)

His tears witnessed the shame he felt.

他的泪光显示了他感到羞愧。

(4)(年代、地点等)目睹,经历

The year 1871 witnessed the heroic uprising of the Paris Commune.

一八一七年爆发了英勇的巴黎公社起义。

n. 证据;证明,证言;证人,目击者

History is the most telling witness.

历史是最好的见证。

He found a witness of this incident.

他找到了一个这次事件的目击者。

bear /stand witness 证明,作证

He will bear /stand witness that I have done so.

他将证明我是这样做的。

7.calm

(1)vt.& vi.(使)平静;(使)镇定。(to make calm)

The mother calmed her child.母亲使她的孩子安静下来。(vt.

The sea calmed down.海上风平浪静。(vi.

(2)adj.

①无风的;平静的 [(of weather) not windy.]

 After the storm it was calm.

 暴风雨后,天气平静下来了。

②水波不兴的,平静的 [(of water)not rough, smooth still]

 The sea was calm.

 海面上很平静。

③不激动的;安静的;无忧无虑的[free from excitement; quiet; untroubled]

 Even after her husband died she was calm.

 尽管她丈夫死了,她仍然很镇静。

 关键词组:calm down (使)平静下来

 The excited girl quickly calmed down.

 这激动的女孩很快平静下来。

 At last the wild wind calmed down.

 强风最后平息了。

 I’ll go and calm the excited dogs down.

 我去把几只吼叫的狗安抚一下。

 I’ll go and calm your angry brother down.

 你的弟弟正发火,我去安抚他一下。

8.circulate vi. & vt.

(1)使循环;环流

Blood circulates through the body.

血液在身体里循环。

(2)散布;流传;扩散

Bad news circulates quickly.

坏消息传得很快。

People who circulate false news are to blame.

散布谣言的人应该受到责备。

(3)随意地到处走动

He circulated at the party, talking to lots of people.

他在宴会上来回周旋,和许多人谈了话。

n. circulation(气体,液体的)环流,循环;(货币等的)流通,(消息等的)流传;(报刊等的)发售量,销售量

He has (a) good /bad circulation.

他有(个)好/坏的循环系统。

The circulation of rumors is common in wartime.

战争期间流言到处传播是很正常的。

短语:

in circulation 流通着;传播着;积极参与社交活动或业务活动

out of circulation 不发行

These ideas have been in circulation for some time.

这些想法已经流传了一段时间。

She’s out of circulation (=not taking part in social life) at the moment because she’s working for her exams.

她因为在准备考试,眼下不参加社交活动了。

This magazine has a large circulation /a circulation of 800,000.

这种杂志有800,000的发行量。

二、本单元重难点短语

1.catch fire 着火;开始燃烧(是一短暂动词词组),也可作catch on fire, on常可省略。

如:

The little girl was seriously burned when her dress caught fire.

小女孩的衣服着了火,被严重烧伤了。

比较:

be on fire 指“在燃烧之中”,指状态。例如:

When fire fighters arrived, the building had been on fire for 10 minutes.

当消防队员赶到时,这个建筑已经着火10分钟了。

set fire to 指“点火,纵火”,相当于set…on fire.例如:

The police hasn’t found out who set fire to the storehouse.

警方还没查出是谁放火烧了仓库。

Some sparks from a passing train set the haystack on fire.

一列过往的火车迸发出一些火花点着了干草堆。

under fire 指“在炮火攻击下”或“受到攻击”。例如:

The soldiers stood firm under fire of the enemy.

士兵们在敌人的炮火下坚如盘石。

关于fire的词组:

be on fire 着火

catch fire 失火;着火

set fire to sth. /set fire on fire 把某东西点燃,放火烧……

have fire on 使……着火

play with fire 玩火

make a fire /start a fire 点炉子,生火

put sth. over the fire 在火上浇东西

put out the fire 扑灭大火

2.keep in mind 记住,记在心中(remember, bear in mind)

  Unfortunately, when she was buying the clothes for him, she hadn’t kept in mind the fact that he had gained some weight.

  很不幸,她买那件衣服给他时,他忘记他胖了一点的事。

  Try to keep in mind all the things I told you.

  请记住所有我告诉你的事情。

  Try to keep in mind your mother’s advice.

  请记住你母亲的忠告。

keep的常见搭配:

keep at 坚持做……继续某项工作或行为

keep down 压制,镇压阻止……成长、完成或成功

keep off 躲开,避开

keep to 坚持,信守:

keep up 保持良好状态;保持;继续

3.roll over 翻转;倒转

The dog is rolling over and over on the grass.

这只狗正在草地上翻滚。

roll相关短语:

roll in 滚滚而来;大量涌进

People kept rolling in. 人大量涌了进来。

roll up 到达;抵达

He rolled up until the meeting had nearly finished.

他来的时候会议都快结束了。

Roll up; roll up, the shows are about to begin.

快来看,快来看啊,表演就要开始了。

roll out 把……碾平;把……铺开

Roll out the pastry.

把面团擀开。

We rolled out the red carpet (-we made special preparations) for the important visitor.

我们铺开红地毯欢迎这位重要来宾。

roll back 使(敌方)退却;击退

We rolled back the enemy forces on all fronts.

我们全线击退敌军。

4.in honour of 为向……表示敬意;为庆祝……;为纪念

They gave a banquet in honour of the delegation.

他们设宴招待代表团。(show respect to)

They danced and sang in honour of Christmas Day.

他们又唱又跳地来庆祝圣诞节。(celebrate)

常见类似结构的短语(inn.of)有:

in praise of 赞扬,歌颂;赞美

in search of 寻找

in face of 面对

in charge of 负责

in favour of 支持,赞成

5.in case of 假使;以防

(1)以防[for fear that (that stated event) should happen]

We’d better insure the house in case of fire.

这房子我们最好投保以防火灾。(相当于…for fear that there should be a fire

(2)万一[if (the stated event) should happen.]

In case of fire, break the glass.

万一失火的话,请打破此玻璃。

比较:in case /in case of

    in case 可以作连接词使用,引导一个句子,也可放在句末。

(1)以防,可能,若(for fear that; because…might)

Take your coat in case it rains. /Take your coat just in case it should rain.

带着外套,以防下雨。

(2)或许,可能[(of events in the future)because…perhaps/because…might.]

Take your dancing shoes in case you decide to go dancing.

带着舞鞋,说不定你决定去跳舞。

(3)假使;如果(if)

In case the house burns down, we’ll get the insurance money.

假使这房子烧毁了,我们可拿到保险金。

(4)恐怕……以防(for fear that sth that is not mentioned should happen)

I will keep some of these unused in case.

我要保留一些不用,以备需要。

三、本单元重难点句子解析

1.We can do a lot of good by simply asking“Are you alright?”

我们只要问一句“你还好吗?”就会有很大的好处。

(1)do good有好处,有用处;做好事。如:

They said the meeting would do no good.

他们说开这会没什么好处

What good would it do to blame others?

埋怨别人有什么好处?

He did a lot of good among the poor.

他为穷人做了许多好事。

(2)do one good 对……有好处。如:

Setting-up exercises will do you good.

健身操对你有好处。

(3)do harm 有害处,不利。如:

Staying up late will do you harm at your age.

你这样的年纪,晚睡不好。

(4)do one favor 帮一个忙。如:

I would like to have you do me a favor.

我想请你帮我一个忙。

Would you do me the favour to carry the box?

(5)do one a service 做好事,服务。如:

He sought opportunities of doing people services.

他找机会为大家服务。

(6)do one’s best 尽力,竭力。如:

We must do our best to finish the task.

我们要尽最大努力来完成任务。

(7)do one’s bit 出一份力,尽一份责任。如:

They were glad they had done their bit in building up the countryside.

他们很高兴为建设农村出了一份力。

(8)do one’s duty 履行职责。如:

I felt bad that I had not done my duty.

我很难过,我没有履行自己的职责。

2.Make sure that electric wires tire safe and that children can’t touch them.

确保电线安全,孩子触摸不到它们。

make sure意为“确保,务必,确定,查明”,其后可接of /about短语或宾语从句。如:

We’ve made sure of our seats for the movie.

我们已订好电影院的座位了。

Will you make sure of his return /that he returned?

请你查明他是否真的回来了,好吗?

make sure后不能接动词不定式,而sure可以。如:

Be sure to come this afternoon.

今天下午一定要来。

sure用法大观:

make sure +that-clause 确保,务必,确定

make sure of /about 确保,确定

be sure to do sth. 一定会

be sure that-clause 确信

be sure of doing 确信会……

be sure of (about)  对……有把握

3.If the person isn’t breathing, clear the airway and try to get him or her to breathe.

如果这人不再呼吸,清理他或她的呼吸道,使他或她呼吸。

句型:get+宾语+宾语补足语。注意宾补由不同的结构充当。

(1)句型:get+宾语+不定式,意为“使某人做某事”,与ask sb. to do sth.同义。如:

You must get him to get over here.

你得想办法让他到这儿来。

We must get her to be examined properly.

我们一定要让大夫给她好好检查一下。

注:与make (have) let+宾语+不带to的不定式。

(2)get+宾语+过去分词,“请别人做某事”;“使某事完成或解决(自己也可能参加)”。如:

They got a photograph taken together.

他们在一起照了张相。

I’ll get it copied after I do the letters.

我把信写完之后再抄写它。

They were anxious to get it done.

他们急于把这事办好。

4.We should never try to revive a person unless we know how to do it.

除非我们知道如何做,否则我们决不要试着弄醒这人。

用unless时应注意下列几点:

(1)unless意义上相当于if…not,二者可互相换用,但unless比if…not语气重。例如:

You will fall behind unless you work harder. =You will fall behind if you don’t work harder.

如果你不努力,你就会落后。

(2)unless不可用于假想的事情,因此当if…not引导非真实条件状语从句时,一般不可改用unless。例如:

If she weren’t so silly, she should understand.

如果她不那么傻,她就会懂了。

(3)当主句是一般将来时或祈使句时,unless从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如:

I’ll go there tomorrow unless it rains.

如果明天不下雨,我就到那里去。

(4)若主句的主语和unless条件从句中的主语相同时,从句中常可省略主语和谓语be。

I won’t go to the party unless (I am) invited.

除非我被邀请了否则我去参加聚会。

5.I don’t think it is a good decision that he will be given this job since he has no experience at all.

我认为让他去做这个工作不是一个明智的决定,因为他一点经验都没有。

(1)that引导同位语从句,此时that没有意义,在从句中不作任何成分,但不能省略。

(2)同位语从句是名词性从句的一种,在句中起名词的作用,一般放在某些表示实际意义的名词之后,对该名词作进一步的解释或补充说明。如:

We heard the news that our team had won.

我们听到了我们队获胜的消息。

(3)可接同位语从句的名词往往是一些抽象名词,中学课本中常见的有:story, news, fact, answer, reply, idea, message, hope, word(消息), doubt, law, problem, thought, report, discovery, order, truth, fear, suggestion, proposal, statement, promise, belief, possibility, information, view, rumor等等。

(4)同位语从句大多由连词that引导,有时也可由连接代词what, who或连接副词why, how, when, where, whether等引导。如:

Chairman Hu expressed the hope that President Bush would come to visit China again.

胡主席表示希望布什总统再来中国访问。

There can be no doubt that I am fit for this job.

毫无疑问,我适合做这项工作。

Today we have little idea what a hard life the Red Army was then leading.

今天我们很难想象那时红军过的生活是多么艰苦。

(5)一般说来,同位语从句要紧跟在其说明或解释的名词之后,两者不分开。但当主句谓语不长或有可能引起歧义时,也可以同先行词分开。如:

The thought came to me that I left my books in the bus.

我突然想起,我把书丢在公共汽车上了。

The story goes that William Tell did kill the king with that arrow.

传说威廉·泰尔后来果真用那支箭射死了国王。

6.What new words do you think would be useful when you talk about accidents and first aid?

  当你谈论事故和急救时,你认为什么新词是有用的?

  (1)本句为双重问句:即“特殊疑问词+一般疑问句+宾语从句”,谓语动词常是think, hope, believe, suppose, guess, say, consider, imagine等,宾语从句没有引导词,前面的特殊疑问词在逻辑上是宾语从句的一部分。有些形容词如:afraid, sure, glad, certain surprised, pleased等也可用于本句型。如:

What do you think his explanation is?

你如何看待他的解释?

How long can you be sure they’ll be here?

你能肯定他们在这儿呆多长时间吗?

  (2)英语中think, believe, suppose, imagine等动词用来引导一个否定概念时,且主语为第一人称I或We时,通常把否定词not移到主句中,形成否定转移,具有婉转、客气的语气。例:

If you want my advice, I don’t think you should go.

如果你愿意听我的意见,我认为你不应该去。

I don’t think it was an accident. He did it on purpose.

我认为这不是一次意外事故,而是他有意造成的。

I like him but I don’t think he is the right person for the job.

我喜欢他,但我认为他不适合做这项工作。

  (3)这类句子变反意疑问句时,其变化形式与宾语从句保持一致,且用肯定形式;但如果主句的主语不是第一人称时,则反问与主句保持一致。如:

I don’t think he will come today, will he?

You don’t think he will come today, do you?

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