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Unit 9 Saving the earth

 

一、本单元重难点单词与短语

1.content

(1)用作名词

①内容(the subject matter of a book, paper, etc.),一般可指书、论文的内容。如:

 I like the style of this book but I don’t like the content(s).

 我喜欢这本书的文笔,但不喜欢它的内容。

②含量(the amount of a substance contained in sth.)如:

 Eggs have a very high food content.

 蛋的营养含量很高。

③用作复数指“(书的)目录”,如:

  If you want to find this article in this book quickly, you’d better look up it in the contents.

  如果你想尽快地找到这篇文章,你最好看一下这本书的目录。

④用作复数形式,指“容纳的东西”。如:

 He emptied the bottle of its contents.

 他把瓶子里面的东西倒光。

⑤用作复数形式,也可指“书的内容”。如:

 I’d like to buy a magazine of varied contents.

 我想买一本内容多样的杂志。

⑥用作名词,意为“满意,满足”常用在词组:to one’s heart’s content尽情地。如:

 Children sang to their heart’s content at the party.

 孩子们在舞会上纵情歌唱。

(2)用作形容词,意为“满足;满意”(常与with连用)相当于satisfied /happy.如:

John seems content just to sit in front of the television all night.

约翰好像整夜坐在电视机前就满足了。

I should be well content to do so.

我很愿意这样做。(be well content to do sth.)

We should never be content with book knowledge only.

我们不满足于仅仅有一点书本知识。(be content with sth.)

(3)用作动词(vt.),意为“使满意”,常与oneself连用。如:

We should never content ourselves with book knowledge only.

(此句也可用被动语态:We should never be contented ourselves with book knowledge.)

2.wipe vt. 擦;揩;擦净(to make dry or clean with cloth, etc.)

wipe 作“擦;揩;擦净”解时是及物动词,可以构成被动语态,后接名词作宾语。例如:

The mother told her son to wipe his face clean.

母亲叫儿子把脸擦干净。

Wipe your hands on the towel after washing them clean.

把手洗净,再用毛巾擦干。

The blackboard has been wiped clean.

黑板擦干净了。

习语:

(1)wipe away 擦去

(2)wipe off 擦掉

Wipe the dirt off the table onto the floor.

把桌子的灰尘抹到地板上。(wipe sth off place)

(3)wipe up 擦净(液体等)

(4)wipe the floor with someone 把某人骂个狗血淋头

(5)wipe out 的用法:

①消灭(to destroy all of)如:

 The enemy wiped out the whole nation.

 敌人把整个民族都消灭了。

②把……里面弄干净(to clean inside),如:

 Please wipe the bath out.

 请把浴缸里面洗干净。

③去掉,相当于wipe off (to get rid of on purpose)

 We can wipe off our debt at once.

 我们能马上把债还清。

3.affect vt.

(1)影响(to cause some result and change in).如:

Smoking affects health. 抽烟影响健康。(相当于has an effect on)

(2)使感动;激起悲伤、愤怒、爱等情绪(to cause feelings of sorrow, anger, love, etc.)

She was deeply affected by the news of his death.

他死去的消息使她深为悲伤。(be affected by…)

(3)(疾病)侵袭;使感染(of a disease to attack )如:

The old man was affected by heat. 这位老人中署了。

This baby is affected with high fever. 这婴儿在发高烧。

4.advise v. 劝告;建议(to tell sb what one thinks should be done),如:

I advise waiting till the proper time.

我建议等候到适当时机才行动。

(advise+doing sth.,advise后只能接名词或动名词)

I’ll do as you advise. 我会照着你的忠告去做。

I advised her that she (should) wait. 我劝她等候。[advise that sb (should) do sth]

(advise指“建议,忠告”时,引导的宾语从句,谓语只能用should+动词原形,should可被省略)

I advise you to leave now. 我劝你现在就离开。(advise sb. to do sth.)

拓展:advice为名词,常用在

(1)give advice to sb. 给某人忠告

(2)give sb. advice on sth./ give sb. advice how to do sth.

给某人提关于某事的意见或忠告

The teacher gave us some advice on how to improve our oral English.

老师给我们提了一些如何提高口语的忠告和建议。

5.representative

  (1)representative作名词表示“代表;代理人(someone whose job is to say or do something in the name of other people)”之意时,一般为可数名词,可以在前面加不定冠词,其复数形式为representatives.例如:

I have the honor to have been sent as their representative.

我很荣幸被派来作他们的代表。

We chose him as our representative.

我们选他当我们的代表。

The exhibition is a representative of the modern Chinese art.

展览会是现代中国艺术的代表。

the House of Representatives 众议院

  (2)representative也可以作形容词表示“代表性的;典型的(serving as an example; typical)”。例如:

Beijing is a representative Chinese city.

北京是一个典型的中国城市。

6.take part in 参加;参与(某物);分担责任(a share or duty in some activity)

take part in一般指参加某种活动,此词组后只接物,不可接人。例如:

(1)Did you take part in the fighting?

你有没有参加这次打斗?

(2)Will you take part in the sports meeting to be held next month?

你会参加下个月举办的运动会吗?

  在(1)(2)句中take part in均可用join in替换。

  join in也指参加,后面只接物不可接人。但要注意:join in词组中的in既可是介词也可是副词,也就是词组后可接也可不接宾语。而take part in 中的in只能是介词,即后面必须有宾语。例如:

Mary never join in, she always plays on her own.

玛丽一向不和我们合群,她老是一个人玩。(join in, in为副词)

Do you want to join in our singing?

你参加我们的歌唱表演吗?(join in, in为介词)

比较:join in /take part in /join sth.

  join sth意为“加入”,是指一个团体或组织,然后成为其中一个正式的成员(to be a member of). 例如:

When did your father join the Party? 你爸爸是什么时候入党的?

Do you want to join the NBA? 你想加入到NBA吗?

而take part in /join in sth 则指参加一项活动。

注意:

①join还可接人,指“参加到某人当中去”。如:

 We are singing, Would you like to join us (in singing)?

 我们在唱歌,你想加入吗?(join sb)

②join sb in sth 指加入到某人当中做某事。

 Will you join us in playing football?

 你想和我们一起踢足球吗?(join sb in doing sth)

7.take action 采取行动;活动;开始工作(begin to act)

America has taken military action to deal with Iraq.

美国采取了军事活动来对付伊拉克。

相关搭配:

take measures to do sth 采取措施做……

take steps to do sth 采取步骤做……

而take action to do sth中,action为不可数名词,不可用复数形式。

二、本单元重难点句子解析

1.We must burn the coal so that we can get money to develop our area as soon as possible.

  我们应该燃烧煤以便我们可以有钱来尽快地发展这一地区。

  (1)so that引导目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气,即从句中常用情态动词can, could, may, might。

e.g. They held a meeting so that they could find a way to protect environment of their village.

   他们召开了一次会议,以便能找到办法来保护村子的环境。

高考真题:

①John shut everybody out of the kitchen ____ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. (NMET 2002)

 A.which     B. when     C. so that    D. as if

[答案]

②Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report ____ her boss could read it first thing next morning. (NMET 2003春)

 A.so that    B.because     C.before    D.or else

[答案]

(2)as soon as possible意为“尽可能快地”,在句中作状语。

as…as possible与as…as sb. can具有相同的含义。

e.g.When he saw his teacher,he ran away as fast as possible.

当他看到老师时,尽快地跑开了。

The teacher should write the words on the blackboard as carefully as he can.

老师在黑板上应尽可能地把字写好。

She does this job as well as she can.

她尽可能地将这个工作干好。

as…as possible与as…as sb. can中用形容词还是副词要依其在句子中的作用来定。

而其中can的时态由句中谓语动词的时态来确定。

2.In Johannesburg, experts from all over the world spoke about different topics and discussed new ways to solve old problems.

在约翰内斯堡,来自世界各地的专家们谈论了不同的主题,讨论解决老问题的新方法。

(1)speak about(相当于talk about,指较为详细地谈论某一话题)谈某事,谈某人的事

Think the matter over, and we’ll speak about it in the morning.

你仔细考虑一下这个问题,然后上午我们谈淡。

(2)speak of 谈到某事,提起某事

I have never spoken of these things to any human beings.

我根本没对任何人提起过这些事。

3.20% of the people on earth do not have access to clean drinking water.

  世界上20%的人口喝不到清洁的饮用水。

  (1)百分数的表达法:百分数+of+the+名词或百分数+of+代词。后面谓语动词的数与of后名词的数保持一致。

e.g.About 70% of the earth is covered by water.

地表面大约百分之七十被水覆盖。

Thirty percent of the students have read the article on how to protect the environment.

百分之三十的学生读过这篇关于怎样保持环境的文章。

Ten percent of them are against his opinion.

他们之中百分之十的人反对他的观点。

(2)access 的用法

①进入,接近

e.g.Only high officials had access to the emperor.

惟有高级官员能接近皇帝。

There is no access to the house from the main road.

从大街不能进入该房屋。

②入口,通道

e.g.Switzerland has access to the sea via the River Rhine.

瑞士有一经由莱茵河的入海口。

The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields.

通往农舍的惟一通路是经过田间。

4.Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths.

单是空气污染每年就导致了大约三百万人死亡。

(1)此句中alone adj. 单独的,在句中作后置定语修饰pollution。

(2)alone adj. 独自的,单独的,用作表语形容词。

e.g. He was alone in the house. 他独自一个人在家。

(3)alone还可用作副词,作“独自,单独”,“仅仅,只有”解,在句中作状语或后置定语。

e.g. He came alone. 他一个人来的。

   Man alone has the gift of speech. 只有人类有语言的天赋。

   You can t live on bread alone. 你不能仅仅靠面包过活。

   Smith alone knows what happened.只有史密斯知道发生了什么事。

注意:alone不用very修饰,而要说very much alone或all alone。

e.g. He was very much alone (all alone) in the room. 他一个人在屋里。

(4)alone 可以构成以下短语:

  ①all alone 独自,独立

  ②leave /let sb. /sth. alone 别打扰/动……

  Let my books alone. 别动我的书。

③let alone 更不用说

 The baby can’t walk, let alone run.

 这孩子连走路都不会,更谈不上跑。

5.Most of the deaths happen in rural areas, where people burn wood and coal to cook food and stay warm.

  大多数的死亡发生在农村地区,那里的人烧木材和煤来煮食物和取暖。

  (1)most of与复数名词连用时,一定要在复数名词前加定冠词或one’s等。如:可说most of the books,不可说most of books;但如果接的是人称代词(宾格)的复数形式,则不加the或one’s。如:most of you, most of us等。

  (2)happen(偶然)发生,是不及物动词,不用于被动语态,也不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:No one knows how it happened. 没人知道它是如何发生的。

happen还可表示“碰巧”,如:

I happened to be at the spot that day. 那天我碰巧在现场。

  (3)where引导的是非限制性定语从句。

  (4)stay warm意为“保暖,处于暖和状态”。stay是连系动词,常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语,如:The temperature has stayed hot this week.本周持续高温。

  The library stays open till 9 in the evening. 

  图书馆一直开放到晚上九点。

6.If we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create.

  如果我们想成功地推动世界的发展,就必须确保每个人都能投身于我们创建的新世界中。

(1)be to do sth.意为“即将要做……”,表示人的“意志、计划、安排”等。

I’m to meet her at the station.

我将会去车站接她。(含事先安排或双方事先约好的意思)

be going to do意思近于be to do,表示“打算,想法”。

I’m going to meet her at the station.

我将去车站接她。(指个人打算这样做,并非相约)

(2)take part in意为“参加,加入”,指参加会议或群众性活动等。重在说明句子的主语参加该项活动并在活动中发挥作用。

(3)we create是定语从句,省略作宾语用的关系代词that或which,如:

Every one of us should take good care of our new school we create.

我们每个人都应该关心我们创建的新学校。

7.All too often, global development means that rich people get richer while the poor get poorer.

太多的情形是全球发展意味着富人更富而穷人更穷。

(1)all too意为“实在太……”,作程度副词,如:

she was all too angry at the news.

听到这个消息她真是太生气了。

(2)“that rich people get richer while the poor get poorer.”这个宾语从句本身就是一个复杂句子。

① while引导的另一个分句表示对比关系,意为“然而”。如:

I like light green, while Lily prefers dark blue.

我喜欢浅绿色,而莉莉则喜欢深蓝色。

② rich people与the poor(=poor people)相对,当某一个形容词与定冠词连用时,表示某一类人。如:the rich(=rich people),the old(=the old people),the young(=the young people)等。

8.Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can to help others.

  富国要对穷国负责,并尽力帮助他们。

  “do whatever they can to help others”是一个十分难掌握的句子,试分析其结构。即:do sth. (that) one can(do)to do,其中one can是定语从句,修饰sth.,后面省略了与前面相同的动词do。而不定式to do在do sth. to do结构中作目的状语,常见的形式有do all/ what/ whatever /everything one can to do sth.。如:

  We should do all we can to protect our surroundings.

  我们应该尽我们所能来保护环境。

9.Had I known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, I would never have bought one.

  要是我知道空调机会引起这么多污染,我就不会买了。

  Had I known that…从句是一个倒装句,相当于If I had known that…在虚拟条件从句中,如果句中含有一个were, should或had,有时可把if省掉,但这时要把这个词放在主语前面,如:

Had they time, they would certainly come to your help.

如果他们有时间,他们一定会来帮助你们的。

Were it not for your help, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties.

要不是你的帮助,这些困难我们是克服不了的。

Had I not taken (=If I hadn’t taken) the train back to Hunan yesterday, I couldn’t give you the lesson now.

如果昨天我没乘上回湖南的火车,现在我就不能给你们上课了。

10.Among the speakers was China’s then Premier Zhu Rongji, who stressed the need for equality and fairness in the world.

在发言人中有当时的中国总理朱镕基:他强调了世界范围内平等和公正的必要性。

这是个倒装句。正常语序为“China’s then Premier Zhu Rongji was among the speakers”。

英语中,有时为了使句子平衡或承上启下,可将表语部分提前构成倒装语序,如:

In the big box are toys, books and many other things.

大箱子里有玩具、书籍和很多其它的东西。

三、语法点拨——倒装

(一)什么是倒装语序

  英语的语序有两种,即:自然语序和倒装语序。自然语序是“主语部分+谓语部分”;倒装语序则是将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前,形成所谓“主谓倒置”排列。整个谓语排在主语前面,叫完全倒装;部分谓语(如助动词、情态动词或连系动词)放在主语前面,叫部分倒装。

(二)倒装语序的几种常见形式:

1.完全倒装

(1)there be句型。

(2)down, up, in, out, here, there, away, off, over等副词开头且主语为名词的句子。

(3)为了强调平衡而将表地点的介词短语放在句首时。

2.部分倒装

(1)neither (nor)位于句首表示“也不”。

(2)句首为否定词not, never, little, seldom, hardly, nowhere, not until时。

(3)not only…but also; neither…nor连接并列句时。

(4)hardly…when, no sooner…than结构中。

(5)so置于句首时。

(6)so+adj.(adv.)位于句首时。

(7)only+adv.(介词短语、从句)位于句首时。

  注意:①not until+从句结构中的not是主句中动词的否定形式。②not only位于句首,从句部分倒装,但but also后的从句不用倒装。③词组hardly…when, no sooner…than中的hardly, no sooner位于句首时,主谓实行部分倒装。④only修饰主语时句子不倒装。

  Only a few important people know about it.

3.so do I, so I do及I do so

  “so+助动词+主语”意为“前面所谈内容也适合另一个人(物)”。“so+主语+助动词”肯定强调同一人(物),含义是“的确如此”。“主语+助动词+so”表示“主语如此做了某事”。

He enjoys being with beautiful girls. So does his friend Bob.

他喜欢和漂亮女孩凑在一起,他的朋友Bob也是一样。

-He enjoys being with beautiful girls.

-他喜欢同漂亮女孩凑在一起。

-So he does.

-他的确是这样。

The teacher tells us to keep quiet while he is speaking. We do so.

老师要求我们在他讲话时保持安静。我们这样做了。

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