冲刺练习
 



  
代词与定语从句

 

代词

一、代词的分类

  代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。

1.人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。

2.物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种。

3.指示代词表示“那个”、“这个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。

4.表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、“你们自己”和“他们自己”等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为“反身代词”。

如:She was talking to herself.她自言自语。

5.表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。

如:They love each other.他们彼此相爱。

6.不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody,something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。

7.疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)。

8.关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。

如:He is the man whom you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那个人。

二、代词的用法

(一)人称代词的用法

1.人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语。例如:

John waited a while but eventually he went home.

约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。

说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:

When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.

约翰一到就直接去银行了。

2.人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:

I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语)

(二)代词的指代问题

1.不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one,及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his, him代替。

Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来,是吗?

2.动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。

Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。

3.指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。

(三)物主代词

1.物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:

John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.

约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。

2.物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。

3.名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的’s属格结构,例如:

Jack’s cap 意为 The cap is Jack’s.

His cap 意为 The cap is his.

(四)双重所有格

  物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。

公式为:

a, an, this, that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。如:

a friend of mine.

each brother of his.

(五)不定代词

1.不定代词有:all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。

2.不定代词的功能与用法

(1)all都(指三者以上)

  ①all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。

  如:All goes well.一切进展得很好。

  ②all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。

  但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year;但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。

  ③all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如all China,all the city,all my life,all the way

(2)both都(指两者)

  ①both与复数动词连用,但both… and…可与单数名词连用。

  ②both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前,be动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。

  Who can speak Japanese?

  We both (all) can.

(3)neither 两者都不

  ①neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

  ②作定语与单数名词连用,但neither… nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。

  ③可用于下列句型,避免重复。

  She can’t sing, neither (can)he.

(4)none

  ①none作主语,多与of 构成短语none of。在答语中,none可单独使用。

  Are there any pictures on the wall? None.

  ②none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。

  It is none of your business.

(5)代词比较辨析:one/ones,that 和it

  one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。ones 为one的复数形式。ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不用ones。

  Have you bought any rulers? Yes, I’ve bought some.

  I can’t find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)

  我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。

  The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同类但不同个)

  你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。

  I can’t find my hat. I don’ t know where I put it.( 同一物)

  我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。

(6)one/another/the other

  one… the other 只有两个

  some… the others有三个以上

  one… another,

  some… others,

  others = other people/things

  the others = the rest 剩余的全部

  ①泛指另一个用another。

  ②一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。

  ③一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用a third。

  ④一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。

  ⑤泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。

(7)anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each

  ①anyone和any one

  anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。

  ②no one 和none

  none后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。

  none作主语,谓语动词用单、复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。

  None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。

  —Did any one call me up just now? 刚才有人打电话给我吗?

  —No one. 没有。

  ③every 和each

  a. every 强调全体的概念,each强调个体概念。

  Every student in our school works hard.

  我们学校的学生都很用功。

  Each student may have one book.

  每个学生都可有一本书。

  b. every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。

  c. every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。

  Every student has to take one.

  Each boy has to take one.

  Each of the boys has to take one.

  d. every不可以作状语,each可作状语。

  e. every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等;each没有。

  f. every 与not 连用,表示部分否定; each 和not连用表示全部否定。

  Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。

  Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。

(8)both, either, neither, all, any, none

  这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。

  ①both (两者都),either(两者中任何一个), neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。

  Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。

  ②both,either

  both与复数连用,either与单数连用。

  Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。

  Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。

  There are flowers on both sides of the street.(两岸)

  There are flowers on either side of the street.(岸的两边)

  路边长满了野花。

  ③all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一个), none (都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。

  All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。

  I don’t like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。

  I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。

  注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词或不可数名词,谓语用单数动词;跟复数名词,谓语用复数动词。

  All of the students are there. 所有的学生都在那。

  All (of)the milk is there. 所有的牛奶都在那。

(9)few, little, a few, a little

  (a)few+可数名词, (a) little+不可数名词

  a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点

  few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了。

  He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。

  He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。

  We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。

  There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。

固定搭配:

only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)many a (=many)

Many books were sold.

Many a book was sold.

典型例题

Although he’s wealthy, he spends __________ on clothes.

A.little          B.few

C.a little         D.a few

答案:A.spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎没有。

定语从句

  定语从句(Attributive Clause)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词、词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。

  关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。

  关系副词有:when, where, why等。

一、关系代词引导的定语从句

  关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1.who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

2.whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose (of which)cover is green.

请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3.which, that

  它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:

  A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)

  The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)

二、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

1.when, where, why

  关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用,例如:

  There are occasions when (on which)one must yield.

任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where (in which)I was born.

北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which)he refused our offer?

这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

2.that代替关系副词

  that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:

I don't like the way (that/ in which) he speaks to me.

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.

他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.

他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

三、判断关系代词与关系副词

  方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面如无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:

  This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

  I’ll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

  判断改错:

  (错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

  (错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

  (对)This is the mountain village (which)I visited last year.

  (对)I’ll never forget the days (which)I spent in the countryside.

  习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

  方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

  例1.Is this the museum _________ the exhibition was held?

  A.where     B.that    C.on which    D.the one

  例2.Is this museum ________ you visited a few days age?

  A.where     B.that    C.on which    D.the one

  答案:例1 A,例2 D

  例1变为肯定句:This is the museum _________ the exhibition was held.

  例2变为肯定句:This museum is _________ you visited a few days ago.

  在句1中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。

  而句2中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。

  关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语)。

四、as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句

1.as 的用法

例1.the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构,意为“和……一样……”。

   I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

例2.as可引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”。

   As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.

   As is known, smoking is harmful to one’s health.

2.由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

典型例题

1.Alice received an invitation from her boss, ____________ came as a surprise.

A.it           B.that

C.which         D.he

答案:C 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

2.The weather turned out to be very good, _________ was more than we could expect.

A.what         B.which

C.that         D.it

答案:B which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

五、只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

1.在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。

2.在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。

3.先行词有the only, the very,the last修饰时,只用that。

4.先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。

5.先行词既有人,又有物时。

举例:

All that is needed is a supply of oil.

所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

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