英语句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。把谓语动词放在句子之前，就叫倒装结构。如果全部谓语动词放在主语之前，叫全部倒装；如果只把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前就叫部分倒装。
（一）全部倒装
There at the door stood a girl about the same height as mine.
在门口站着一个同我一样高的女孩。
此句中的主语是a girl，其前的stood是谓语。主语和谓语的位置完全颠倒了。
Little did he care about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself.
尽管他本人身处险境，却不顾及自己的安全。
此句中的主语是he, 谓语是did和care, 主语和谓语被部分倒装了。
要掌握倒装结构的用法，必须弄清倒装的如下特征：
1．倒装具有客观性。即倒装是因为约定俗成的。
例如：当人们见面时，一般都说“How are you?”而不说“You are how?”。这种倒装是不以人的主观意志而改变的。
2．倒装具有主观性。即倒装可因说话者表达的需要而形成。例如：人们可以说“The students didn’t begin the experiment until their teacher had explained how.”也可说“Not until their teacher had explained how did the students begin the experiment.”但后者明显突出了学生晚做实验这一信息。
例1．Look, ________ (1996 NMET)
A．here the bus come B．the bus comes here
C．here comes the bus D．comes here the bus
答案：C
例2．—Where is she?
—Look, _____. She is at the school gate.
A．there is she B．here is she
C．she there is D．there she is
答案：D
在以put/in/down/up/away或now/then/here/there等开头的句子中，主语和谓语通常完全倒装。但主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语动词语序不变，其中除then开头的句子用一般过去时外，其余一般用一般现在时表现现在进行时。
Ex 1．_____and _______.
A．Down came the hammer; out flew the sparks
B．Down came the hammer; out the sparks flew
C．Down the hammer came; out the sparks flew
D．The hammer came down; out flew the sparks
答案：A
2．As soon as the boy pushed the door open, ______.
A．the boy rushed out B．out the boy rushed
C．out he rushed D．out rushed he
答案：C
例3．________, who came from Australia.
A．At the meeting present was Professor White
B．Professor White was present at the meeting
C．At the meeting Professor White was present
D．Present at the meeting was Professor White
答案：D
为了避免头重脚轻，英语中常常将作表语用的不定式/形容词/分词及后面的部分移至句首，使之形成“表语部分＋适当形式的be＋主语”的完全倒装。
例句中主语为Professor White，其后还跟了个非限定性定语从句，根据定语从句要紧跟先行词的这一用法，若按照规定句型表述，主语和谓语之间就因隔太远而显得不够紧凑。
Ex．______, in which they had come to the island.
A．Two small boats were nearby
B．Nearby were two small boats
C．Nearby two small boats were there
D．There nearby were two small boats
答案：B
例4．Before dark, we arrived at a small town, east of which ______.
A．there lies a big farm
B．lies a big farm
C．a big farm lies there
D．does a big farm lie
答案：B
为了表示强调，英语中有时会将表方位或地点的状语提到句首而形成“方位＋不及物动词（一般现在时/一般过去时）＋名词”完全倒装句型。
east of which是一个表方位的短语，从句中的主语是a big farm。若选A，there就多余了；若选C和D，不符合习惯表达。只有B项符合习惯表达。
若考生选A，则认为there lies a big farm也是一个倒装句型；若考生选C，则认为 a big farm lies there是一个规范的主谓结构；若考生选D，则认为does a big farm lie是一个部分倒装句型。但今后若碰到方位词在句首，且动词是不及物动词，而主语又是名词时，脑子里应有全部倒装的概念。
Ex．On one side of Tian An Men Square ______.
A． the Great Hall of the People stands
B．does the Great Hall of the People stand
C．stands the Great Hall of the People
D．there the Great Hall of the People stands
答案：C
例5．—David has made great progress recently.
—______, and ______. (1997上海，27）
A．So he has; so you have
B．So he has; so have you
C．So has he; so have you
D．So has he; so you have
答案：B
例6．—I don’t think I can walk any further.
—______. Let’s stop here for a rest. (1985 NMET)
A．Neither am I B．Neither can I
C．I don’t think so D．I think so
答案：B
在表示某人某事或某种情况与前面提到的相同这一概念时，英语中通常用“so/neither/nor＋be/have助动词/情态动词＋主语”句型。其意思是：乙（与甲一样）也是如此。但当答句中主语未变，且仅表重复或附和时，英语中通常用“so sb. do /be/助动词/情态动词”句型。其意思是：甲的确如此。
例（1）上文是在夸奖第三者，且第一空中主语与上文的主语没变，只能用表附和的语气应答，即so he has; 第二空中主语变了，根据对话意义连贯性原则，应是乙方对甲方的夸奖，答语应为so have you因此，只有B项符合要求。
例（2）上文表示否定意义，根据下文“让我们停下来歇会儿”的语境推测，应答者是想表达“我也走不动了”的意思。A项中，助动词am同上文中的can walk不一致；I don’t think so表“我认为你走不动了”之意，似答非所问；I think so则表示“我想你走得动”，与紧随其后的“让我们停下来歇会儿”之意相矛盾。因此，只有B项符合题意。
Ex.1．She is not fond of cooking, ________.
A．so am I B．neither I do
C．neither do I D．neither am I
答案：D
2．—John won the first prize in the contest.
—_______.
A．So he did B．So did he
C．So he did, too D．So did he, too
答案：A
例7．________, too naughty but clever boys.
A．My brothers were such B．Such were my brothers
C．Such my brothers were D．Were such my brothers
答案：B
such通常用于：
such＋be＋n.句型中作代词，指代其后作主语的名词，be动词的人称和数须与主语一致。
Ex．Such _______ Nick and such ______ his words.
A．was; was B．were; were
C．was; were D．were; was
答案：C
例8．“We can’t go out in this weather,”said Bob, ______ out of the window.
A．looking B．to look
C．looked D．having looked
答案：A
直接引语后若用名词注明说话者，主语和谓语一般要全部倒装，即“…”says/said sb; 但直接引语后若用代词注明说话者，主语和谓语一般要部分倒装，即“…”sb. says/said。如：“Who is paying?”shouted the fat woman at the corner.“You are”, I answered.“谁付钱？”拐角处的胖女人大声嚷道。“你付。”我答道。
（二）部分倒装
例1．I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in all my life _____ so happy. (2000北京春季，22）
A．did I feel B．I felt
C．I had felt D．had I felt
答案：D
含有否定意义的副词或介词短语置于句首时，句子的主谓结构要部分倒装。若句子的谓语是由两部分或两部分以上组成的，只需将助动词或第一助动词提到主语前面即可；若句子的谓语是由一部分组成的，此时则需要借助于助动词do倒装，do体现谓语动词的时态和人称；若句子谓语动词是单个be的相关形式，则直接将该be置于主语之前即可。（以下部分倒装方法皆同）
此类副词和介词短语主要有：not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, little, by no means, in no case (决不)，at no time (在任何时候都不)等。
此题空前的句首部分是否定的副词短语，因此，此题需要部分倒装。因此，首先可排除B项和C项；由于“得到工作”是一过去行为，而“以前从未如此高兴”说的是过去的过去情况，所以，句子的时态应为过去完成时。这样，就只有D项合乎要求了。
选A项者只知道它是倒装结构，但忽略了句子的时态对应；选B项和C项者只考虑了句子的意思，而忽略了它的结构。考生以后看到以否定意义副词或短语开头的句子时，还应注意其语序和时态。
例2．_______ snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest.(2004上海，41)
A．Not only they brought
B．Not only did they bring
C．Not only brought they
D．Not only they did bring
答案：B
含有否定意义的连词词组置于句首连接两个分句时，第一个分句的主谓结构要部分倒装。此类连词词组主要包括：not only…but also…(不仅……而且……), neither…nor…(既不……也不……)，no sooner…than…（刚……就……），hardly…when…(刚……就……)等。
Ex 1．No sooner ______ than the telephone rang.
A．had she gone out B．out had gone she
C．did she go out D．out she went
答案：A
2．Not only _____ interested in football but _______ beginning to show an interest in it.
A．the teacher himself is; all the students are
B．the teacher himself is; all his students
C．is the teacher himself; are all his students
D．is the teacher himself; all his students are
答案：D
例3．Not until all the fish died in the river _____ how serious the problem was.
A．did the villagers realize
B．the villagers realize
C．the villagers did realize
D．didn’t the villagers realize
答案：A
not…until置于句首是很明显的部分倒，所以B、C均错而D项didn’t与句首not重复，故也要舍弃。
Ex 1．Only ______ after many years’ hard work _____what suffering is.
A．you fail; can you feel
B．when you fail; you can feel
C．do you fail; can you feel
D．when you fail; can you feel
答案：D
2．You can’t turn to anyone else; _____ you.
A．only he can help B．only can he help
C．he can only help D．can he only help
答案：A
例4．_____ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to see the films so often. (1995上海，16）
A．If it is not B．Were it not
C．Had it not been D．If they were not
答案：C
在虚拟语气中，若将含有were、should或had虚拟条件句中的if去掉，可将were/had/should提到从句主语前面以形成条件句的部分倒装。
此题题干是含虚拟语气的题干。符合虚拟条件句倒装的选项有B项和C项。因为有免费票而经常去看电影是过去事实。与过去事实相反的假设条件句应用动词的过去完成式。因此，只有C项符合条件。
选A和B项者认为选项意义和结构均符合要求，但忽略了对谓语动词形式的考虑。因此，碰到含有虚拟语气的题干时，考生务必注意以下三点：选项是否与虚拟语气有关？若有关，与何时有关？条件句中有无if？
Ex．______ hard in those days, he ______ so much progress by now.
A．Hadn’t he been trained; couldn’t have made
B．If he had not trained; couldn’t have made
C．Were he not trained; couldn’t make
D．Had he not been trained; couldn’t have made
答案：D
例5．—Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?
—I don’t know, _____.
A．nor don’t I care
B．nor do I care
C．I don’t care neither
D．I don’t care also
“nor do sb.＋动词”句型通常用来表进一步的否定。这一句型中的主体对象不变，但否定的方面变了。其意为“（某人不/没做什么），也不/没做另外的事”。如：
Smith didn’t smile, nor did he say anything.史密斯没笑，也没说什么。
与nor有关的句型中一般没有其它否定词，因为nor本身已含否定意义。因此，选项A可以舍弃；选项C说法不对；选项D中also的位置不对，即also应放在I后面。另外，I don’t know已表达了一层否定意义，其后语意应为“我也不关心”。根据习惯用法，仅有B项合乎要求。
误选A项和C项者认为，A、C两项均表“我也不关心”之意，其实是没有弄清nor和neither的含义；选D项者认为，C项也表明相同含义，但忽略了also的位置问题。考生以后应注意：当同一主体在否定前一种情况的基础上进行更进一步的否定时，一般用nor do sb. do sth. 句型。
Ex．—Have you ever swum in the sea?
—Not yet, ______.
A．nor don’t I want to have a try.
B．I don’t want to have a try, too
C．Neither did I have a try
D．nor do I want to have a try
答案：D
例6．So difficult ______ it to live in an English — speaking country that I determined to learn English well.
A．I have felt B．have I felt
C．I did feel D．did I feel
答案：D
so/such…that…表结果状语从句的复合句中，若将so/such及其所修饰的部分提到句首以示强调时，主句的主谓结构要部分倒装，无助动词时，要加上助动词，从时态上讲应用过去式。
Ex 1．Such great progress _______ in his English learning that ______ a lot in class.
A．did he make; his English teacher praised him
B．made he; his English teacher praised him
C．he make; did his English teacher praised him
D．did he made; did his English teacher praised him
答案：A
例7．—Sorry, Joe, I didn’t mean to…
—Don’t call me“Joe”. I’m Mr. Parker, and ______ you forget it! (1994 NMET, 24)
A．do B．didn’t
C．did D．don’t
答案：D
don’t sb. do sth.是一种带有主语祈使句的否定结构。这种句式通常用来表达一种很强烈的祈使语气。句后通常用惊叹号“！”或句号。
例8．In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, _____.
A．our holiday will be better
B．our holiday will be the better
C．the better our holiday will be
D．the better will our holiday he
答案：C
Ex．The harder you work, _____.
A．the greater progress you’ll make
B．the greater progress will you make
C．the greater you’ll make progress
D．you’ll make greater progress
答案：A
例9．______, he had to make a living himself.
A．Though a child he was
B．A child though he was
C．Though he was child
D．Child though he was
答案：D
as作“尽管”讲引导让步状语从句时，通常将从句中的状语、表语部分提到主语之前而形成部分倒装；如果作表语的是名词，当其被置于though/as之前时要去掉冠词。
Ex．_____, he often makes foolish mistakes.
A．Although clever he is B．Clever though he is
C．Clever although he is D．As he is clever
答案：B
（一）15种常见的省略现象
1．并列复合句中某些相同成分的省略
He often regards English as easy and (he often regards) French as difficult.
他常把英语看做是容易学的，而法语是难学的。
2．在when, while, if, as if, though (although), as, until, whether等连词引导的状语从句中如果谓语有be，而主语又跟主句的主语相同或是it时，则从句中的主语和be常可省略。
When (water is) heated, water is turned into vapour. 水加热时变成气体。
3．在than, as, no matter what (who等)分句后面常省略某些成分。
They do not use more water than (it is) necessary. 他们使用的水没有超出需要量。
4．在know, think, consider, suppose, find, believe, say, decide等动词后面所接的宾语从句中常省略连接词that。
I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon. 我想今天下午天会转晴。
5．在限制性定语从句中
作宾语用的关系代词whom, which, that常常省略，在the same…as和such…as引出的某些定语从句，也可以省略与主句相同的成分。
6．在以there is开头的句子中
修饰主语的同位语从句的连接词常省略，修饰主语的定语从句的关系代词作主语，有时可以省略。
There is a chance (that) he will be able to be back for New Year’s Day.
他也许能回来过元旦。
7．祈使句、感叹句、部分问句和部分第一人称陈述句省略成分情况
（1）祈使句通常省略主语you
Close the window! 关窗！
Don’t be afraid! 别害怕！
注：如果要强调主语，也可把主语说出来。
You read the text! 你读一下课文！
（2）感叹句
What a wide river! 多宽的河啊！
Simply impossible! 简直不可能！
（3）部分问句
Right? 对吗？
What next? 下一步怎么办？
Why not? 为什么不呢
Why so? 为什么这样呢？
（4）部分第一人称陈述句
Glad to see you. 很高兴见到你。
8．用so, not或其他手段来替代上文或问句中的一部分或整个句意。
—Can he do this work? 他能做这件工作吗？
—I think, so. (= I think he can do this work.) 我想他行。
9．在某些动词后的宾语补足语和主语补足语中可将to be省略。
These books are thought (to be) very valuable.
人们认为这些书很有价值。
10．“the＋比较级…，the＋比较…”结构中可省略be或there be.
The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is).
温度越高，压力越大。
11．某些动词在接that从句时不用与之搭配的介词。
He insists upon carrying out the test.
他坚持进行这个试验。
12．用to表示前述动词不定式时常省略其后有关成分。
Nothing has ever stopped him from sleeping when he wants to (sleep).
当他想睡时，没有什么能阻止他睡觉。
13．在某些虚拟语气的句子中可以省略should。
I suggest that he (should) study more English before going abroad.
我建议他出国前多学点英语。
14．在用so＋that连接的从句中常省略so或that。
Something may be wrong (so) that the machine has stopped running.
可能有什么东西出了毛病，结果机器停止了运转。
15．省略介词in的几个固定词组。
He spends his evenings (in) studying English.
他把晚上的时间花在学英语上。
（二）特殊省略结构
英语中有一些特殊省略结构，其中有些已无法也不必增补其省略成分，实际上已成习惯用法，甚至成格言句。现将这类结构归纳如下：
1．无动词祈使句
祈使句一般是以动词开头，而无动词祈使句是以away, off, on, up, down等表示运动方向的副词开头加上由with引导的介词词组。
Away with him! (=Drive him away!) 赶走他！
Up with your hand! 举起手来！
2．无主句的祈愿句
用if only引导的条件分句表示祈愿，在这种祈愿句中，有时if和only还可被隔开。
If only I had taken mother’s advice!
我要是听了母亲的劝告就好了！
If I had only been there when the show was on!
演出开始时我要是在那里就好了！
3．不定式感叹句
不定式感叹句通常是由“to think＋that-分句”构成或由“to think of＋宾语”构成。
To think that in just a few days we’ll be parting!
过几天我们就要分别了！
To think of your leaving us so soon!
你不久就要离开我们了！
4．由固定词组引导的疑问句
（1）How come＋that-分句？
How come you didn’t tell me about this before?
你为何以前不告诉我这件事？
（2）How/What about＋（动）名词词组？
How about going out for a walk? 出去散散步怎么样？
What about having a game of chess? 下盘棋好吗？
（3）What if/though＋条件从句？
What if World War Ⅲ should happen? (What if = What will/would happen if )
如果第三次世界大战爆发将发生什么情况？
（4）Why not＋不带to的不定式结构？
You’re putting on weight. Why not have your tea without sugar?
你在长胖。你为什么不喝不加糖的茶？
高考典型例题解析
1．—Do you think it’s going to rain over the weekend?
—_____.
A．I don’t believe B．I don’t believe it
C．I believe not so D．I believe not
答案：D
解析：
该句是交际英语中的简略回答。如果补充完整，便是I believe that it isn’t going to rain over the weekend。
2．—I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
—Not at all. ______.
A．I’ve no time B．I’d rather not
C．I’d like it D．I’d be happy to
答案：D
解析：动词不定式的省略原则，省略动词短语，保留符号to。
3．The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____.
A．not to B．not to do
C．not do it D．do not to
答案：A
解析：tell sb to do sth. 否定形式 tell sb not to do sth.
4．—Is Prof. Tate very sick?
—I’m afraid _______.
A．so B．this
C．to D．that
答案：A
5．Not until the early years of 19th century _____ what heat is.
A．man did know B．man knew
C．didn’t man know D．did man know
答案：D
解析：
not until引导状语从句用于句首的时候，主句半倒装，故排除A、B项。C项中的not应去掉，因为not已移至句首。
6．Not until I began to work _____ how much time I had wasted.
A．didn’t I realize B．did I realize
C．I didn’t realize D．I realized
答案：B
解析：参看上题。
7．_____, mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
A．However late is he B．However he is late
C．However is he late D．However late he is
答案：D
解析：
状语从句的语序是正装语序，故排除A、C项。连词However必须放在形容词或副词的前面，故排除B项。
8．Not a single song ________ at yesterday’s party.(上海卷)
A．she sang B．sang she
C．did she sing D．she did sing
答案：C。
解析：以not, no, never等否定意义的词开头的句子要部分倒装。
9．The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once _____ with each other.
A．they had quarreled B．they have quarreled
C．have they quarreled D．had they quarreled
答案：C
解析：
本题考查倒装及动词时态。否定副词never放在句首时，起强调作用，句子要用倒装语序（部分倒装），即把助动词放到主语前。本句中never与once连在一起（从来没有一次），比never单独置于句首更具有迷惑性。第一分句用的是现在完成时态，提示第二分句也要用现在完成时态，故答案为C。
10．Only in this way _____ do it well.
A．must we B．we could
C．can we D．we can
答案：C
解析：
当only引导的介词短语或从句位于句首修饰状语时，句子谓语发生部分倒装。若only修饰主语时则不发生倒装。如：Only the monitor can finish the task ahead of time.
11．Hardly _____ when it began to rain.
A．had he arrived B．arrived he
C．he had arrived D．did he arrive
答案：A
解析：
从属连词no sooner…than, hardly (scarcely)…when前面的连词位于句首时，发生部分倒装。
12．Jack is a student and studies at the No.ⅠMiddle School. _____.
A．It was the same with Mike
B．So it is with Mike
C．So is Mike
D．So does Mike
答案：B
解析：
表示遵照别人的话或自己的许诺去做了，就用“主语＋do＋so形式”。对别人的话作出肯定反应时用“So＋主语＋do”形式。so的意义相当于indeed, certainly，表示“不错”，“对了”。“So do＋主语”这种结构中的主语与上文中的主语是不同的，词序倒装，助动词do位于主语之前；so的意义相当于in the same way，有“同样”“也那样”的含义。若一句话中包含不同种类的动词，且当后面说的情况也符合前文所说的情况时（无论肯定或否定），常用句型为：It is / was the same with sb. 或so it is/was with sb。若A中的was改为is，也可。
13．The doctor warned Pat against smoking as soon as possible and ______.
A．so it was with Pat B．so did Pat
C．Pat did so D．Pat does so
答案：C
解析：参看第12题。
14．Mr Smith promised to help me and _____ the next day.
A．neither he did B．so he did
C．neither did he D．so did he
答案：B
解析：参看第12题。
15．My wife is an engineer, and _____.
A．I think so B．also am I
C．so I am D．so am I
答案：D
解析：参看第12题。
16．______ your letter, I would have started off two days ago.
A．If I could have received
B．If I received
C．Should I receive
D．Had I received
答案：D
解析：
虚拟语气中若不使用if引导的条件从句则可用倒装助动词来表示虚拟，对过去的虚拟从句应用过去完成式。
17．Not until the bell rang ______ in.
A．do they come B．came they
C．did they come D．they came
答案：C
解析：否定词never, little, not, not until, seldom等位于句首时，发生部分倒装。
18．At the gate _____ a soldier ______ uniform.
A．lying, in B．lain, worn
C．laid, dressing D．lay, in
答案：D
解析：at the gate 等地点状语提到句首时发生完全倒装。in uniform穿着制服。
19．Look! There _____ the bus!
A．will come B．comes
C．has come D．is coming
答案：B
解析：以there, here开头的句子要用倒装。
20．Not only _____ a writer but he was an artist for a time.
A．he is B．he was
C．is he D．was he
答案：D
解析：
并列连词neither…nor, not only…but also等前面的连词位于句首时，发生部分倒装。
21．Not a single mistake _____ in the dictation yesterday.
A．did he make B．make by him
C．he made D．he had made
答案：A
解析：参看第8题。
22．No sooner _____ his talk than he _____ the workers.
A．he finished, surrounded all
B．did he finish, did surround
C．had he finished, was surrounded by
D．after he finished, was surrounded near
答案：C
解析：no sooner…than结构采用倒装语序。
23．Little ______ know about verbs, Franz _____ his head.
A．did he, dared not lift
B．he, dare not lift
C．did he, dare not to lift
D．doesn’t, doesn’t dare lift
答案：A
解析：参看第8题。
24．Look! _____.
A．Out the girl went
B．Went the girl out
C．Away went the girl
D．Away the girl went
答案：C
解析：
在描写一个情景时，有时为了更生动，我们可以把out, in, up, down, away之类的状语放在主语前面，用完全倒装形式。如果主语是人称代词，谓语就不变动。
25．Never _____ forget the days when ____ together with you.
A．shall I, live B．shall I, did I live
C．I shall, lived D．I shall, did I live
答案：A
解析：
否定副词never放于句首，构成倒装句，要在主语前面加上助动词。选项B，时间状语应用陈述语序。C、D应构成倒装。
26．They arrived at the farmhouse, in front of which _____.
A．is sitting a boy B．sat a boy
C．a boy sat D．a boy is sitting
答案：B
解析：
地点状语放在句首构成完全倒装，即主语与谓语直接颠倒位置，不加助动词。选项A、D与主句时态不符；选项C应构成倒装句。
27．There ______.
A．come they B．they come
C．they are coming D．they will come
答案：B
解析：
there放于句首，主语是代词时，主语和谓语的位置不变，仍保留陈述句式。选项A代词作主语，主语和谓语的位置不变，选项C、D不用于将来时态中。
28．So loudly _____ that every one of the class could hear him.
A．did he speak B．did he spoke
C．spoke he D．he spoke
答案：A
解析：
“So＋形容词”，“So＋副词”放于句首时，构成倒装句，句中要加助动词。选项B中spoke应用speak，选项C、D的句式应改为倒装句式。
29．Only when class began _____ that he had left his book at home.
A．will he realize B．he did realize
C．did he realize D．should he realize
答案：C
解析：
“only＋状语”放于句首，应构成倒装句，主语前要加助动词。选项A、D时态与原句不符，选项B与该句式不符。
30．_____ the plane.
A．Flew down B．Down flew
C．Down was flying D．Down fly
答案：B
解析：
当副词up, in , out, down放于句首时，构成倒装句。选项A、C、D均不用这种句式。
31．Hardly ____ when the bus suddenly pulled away.
A．they had got to the bus stop
B．they got to the bus stop
C．did they get to the bus stop
D．had they got to the bus stop
答案：D
解析：
否定副词hardly放在句首构成倒装句。 Hardly＋had＋主语＋done when…did…是固定的句式。选项A、B应用倒装语序，选项C时态与该句式不符。
32．____ I had time, I would have run round that lake again.
A．If B．Unless
C．Had D．When
答案：C
解析：
此题考查虚拟语气中的倒装句。从主句谓语动词判断，该句考查的是过去时态的虚拟语气，从句应用过去完成时，当把if省去时，had应放于句首，构成倒装句。选项A从句时态与主句时态不符，选项B、D不引导虚拟语气。
33．Not only ______ a promise, but he also kept it.
A．had he made B．he had made
C．did he make D．he makes
答案：C
解析：
当not only后面接的是句子时，构成倒装句，在not only后要加助动词。选项A时态与but 后的并列句的时态不符，选项B、D句式与句首的not only不符。
34．____ I would see you here.
A．Little I dreamed
B．Little do I dream
C．I dreamed little
D．Little did I dream
答案：D
解析：
否定副词little放于句首，主语和谓语要倒装，主语前要加助动词。选项A、C句式与该句情景不符，选项B时态与此句不符。
