冲刺练习
 



  
介词、连词、形容词与副词

 

介词

一、介词的三大类

介词

简单介词

合成介词

成语介词

across, over, at, in, on, near, up,

down, since, till, beside, by, except,

besides, but, though, with, …

inside, into, outside,

onto, without, out of,

within,throughout,

according to, because of,

in front of, in spite of,

owing to, apart from,

by means of, on account of…

二、部分介词的用法比较

(一)表示地点名词前的介词

1.表示“在……”的介词at,in,on,to

(1)at ①表示在小地方;②表示“在……附近(旁边)”。

He arrived at the station at ten.

He is sitting at the desk.

(2)in①表示在大地方;②表示“在……内”。

He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.

Guangxi lies in the south of China.

(3)on表示“在(线,面)附近”。

Vietnam lies on the south of China.

(4)to 表示“在……范围外”。

Guangxi lies to the south of Wuhan.

2.表示“在……上”的介词above, over, on及表示“在……下”的介词below, under。

(1)above表示相对高度,“在……上方”,与below相对。

He put the map above the blackboard.

The village is below sea level.

(2)over①表示垂直高度,“在正上方”,与under相对;②表示在覆盖物体的上面。

There is a lamp over my head.

They stood under a big red umbrella.

He put the map over the desk.

(3)on 表示在某物上面并与之接触。

He put the map on the desk.

3.表示“在……前”介词before, in front of, ahead of

(1)before表示“在……前面;当……的面;在……眼前”,也可表示与物体表面相接触的情况。

The teacher’s desk is before the blackboard.

She put her hands before her eyes.

(2)in front of/ahead of 表示“在……前面”。

There is an apple tree in front of my home.

我家门前有棵苹果树。

He ran very fast and soon got ahead of the other classmates.

4.表示“在……后”的介词after, behind, at the back of, in the back of, on the back of.

(1)after

Winter comes after autumn.

The policeman ran after the thief.

(2)behind

The child hid the ball behind the door.

She is behind Rose in math.

(3)at the back of, in the back of 在……后部(后面)

He is sitting at(in)the back of the classroom.

(4)on the back of 在……背面

A very nice flower was drawn on the back of the envelope.

(二)表示时间名词前的介词

1.时间名词前介词用法口诀

年月周前要用in,日子前面却要禁。

遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。

要说某日上下午,用on换in 才能行。

午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也不错,

at也用在时分前。

说“差”也要用上to,说“过”只用past。

多说多练牢牢记,莫让岁月多蹉跎。

2.表示时间的介词

(1)表示“在……(时间)”的介词at,on,in。

①at表示时刻。

at four o’clock 在4点

at half past ten 在10点半

注:用at表示一天内的时间词组还有:at dawn(daybreak)在黎明,at sunrise(sunset)在日出(日落),at noon在中午,at night在夜晚,at midnight在半夜。

②on 用于指某日(星期几和日期)或某日的上(下)午和晚上。

on Sunday 在星期天

on May 2 在5月2日

on Friday morning 在星期五的上午

on Christmas afternoon 在圣诞节的下午

on the morning of June 9 6月9日上午

③in与星期、月、季、年、年代和世纪等表示较长时间的词连用。

in March 在3月

in the 21st century 在21世纪

in 1997 在1997年

in the nineties 在90年代

注:一天内的时间用in表示的词组还有:in the morning(afternoon, evening)在上午(下午,晚上)。

(2)表示“在……之后”的介词after, in

①after接一段时间,只能用于过去时,接一点时间,可以用于将来时。

He came back after three days.

3天后他回来了。

He will come here after four(May 6th).

4点(5月6日)后他要来这里。

②in 接一段时间,用于将来时。

He will come back in a week.

他一周以后回来。

(3)for, since, by, before, during, in

①for 接一段时间,可指过去、现在或将来,着重说明“多久”(how long)。

He stayed there for two days.

他在那儿呆了两天。

I have studied English for two years.

我学英语已经两年了。

He will work in that city for three months.

他要在那个城市工作3个月。

②since“自……起”,多与完成时态连用,其后跟表示时间点的词语。

He has worked on this book since last month.

自从上个月起他一直在写这本书。

③by“到……为止”,表示时间的界限,常与完成时和将来时连用。

We had learned 2000 words by the and of last term.

We’ll have ended our middle school life by the end of next year.

④during着重说明“什么时候”,既可表示一段时间,又可表示这段时间内的某个点。

I woke up twice during the night.

⑤in 表示一段时间,着重说明“(要)多久”(how soon)。

The supper will be ready in an hour.

3.besides表示“除……之外”(还有其余都相同),含有“加”的关系,即“把……添加在内;包括”,属于肯定性质。

Three other girls are on duty today besides me.

今天除了我,还有3个女生值日。

4.except表示“除……之外”(其余的不同),是从整体中除去一部分,含有“减”的关系,属于否定性质。

We all went to the cinema except Wang Hong.

除了王宏(没去),我们都去看了电影。

We go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday.

除了星期六和星期日,我们每天都上学。

注意:

(1)在否定句中,besides和except可以互换使用。

I have no friends in this town except (besides)him.

除了他,我在这镇上没有朋友。

(2)but 和except同义,通常用在no、由no组成的合成词、表示否定意义的词在后面,except不受此限制。

I know nobody but(except)you.

除了你,我谁都不认识。

There is nothing in the room but(except)an old stove.

除了一个旧火炉,房间里什么也没有。

(3)but 和except都能接动词不定式,表示“只是,只得”的意思。一般说来,谓语动词为do,does,did时,but(except)后的不定式不带to。

They did nothing but(except) wait.

他们除了等待,无事可做。

He wanted nothing but(except) to stay there.

他只想留在那里。

(4)except for 是复合介词,不表示同类词语之间的关系,用于表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定,常译为“只是”。except that与except for 同义,但后面需接一个从句。

如:你的文章写得很好,只是有几处拼写错误。

Your article is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

Your article is good except that there are a few spelling mistakes.

(三)关于nothing but后面接动词不定式是带to,还是省去to,下面的一句话可帮你巧记。

前面有do不带to;无do 后面多带to。

注意:这里所说的do,指的是实义动词do,而不是指助动词do。

请看例句:

He did nothing but lie in bed.

He can do nothing but wait.

There was nothing left to do but stay at home.

There was nothing they could do but leave.

He wanted nothing but to play in the park.

连词

一、连词种类

连词

并列连词

从属连词

and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, then

after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if, even if, unless, because, than, whether, so order that, as if, as though, in case(that), now that, so…that, such…that, as…as, so…as

二、一些特殊连词的区别

1.区别as…as与so…as:

  连词as…as可用在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中,而so…as则只用在否定句中,表示作比较的双方在性质、数量、大小等方面相等或相似等概念,如:

They walked as far as the station.

他们步行到了车站。

I didn’t go as/so far as you.

我走得不像你那么远。

2.区别because, for, since和as:

  这四个词作为连词,都有“因为”的意思,都可以用来作为一个动作或情况提供原因或理由,但它们在用法上有区别:

  because是从属连词,接表示直接原因的从句,往往放在句末(有时也放在句首),直接明白地说明因果关系。因此,在回答why的提问时或原句有just, only, not…but all等副词强调原因时必须用because。

  for是并列连语,接表示间接原因的并列分句,所说的理由是一种补充或是一种推测。说明for引导的句子一般放在句尾。试比较:

He isn’t here today because he is ill.

因为他病了,所以他今天没有来。

He must be ill, for he isn’t here.

他今天没来,看来一定是生病了。

  since和as是从属连词,说明的是已为人们所知和理由。since的语气比because弱,但比as强。since和as引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。

Since he was busy, he didn’t come.

他因为忙,所以没来。

As I have a day off today, I’ll write to you.

因为我今天有一天假,所以就给你写信。

此外,since也可以述说推断的理由。如:

It must have rained, since the ground is wet.

一定下过雨,因为地是湿的。

3.观察下列例句,注意so…that和such…that的区别。

We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.

我们走得匆忙,门都忘了锁了。(such是形容词,后接名词)

The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.

这村子太小,所以这地图上没有。(so是副词,后接形容词或副词)

Jenny is such a clever girl that all the teachers like her very much.

= Jenny is so clever a girl that all the teachers like her very much.

珍妮是如此聪明的女孩,以致老师们都非常喜欢她。

但是,当名词前有many, much, few, little(少)修饰时,要用so,不能用such。例如:

I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.

我摔了许多跤,以致于浑身青一块,紫一块。

He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.

他朋友很少,所以经常感到孤独。

4.如何区别连词when, as, while?

  连词when, as, while引导时间状语从句时,侧重点有所不同:

  (1)when可指时间点,又可指时间段,从句中可用延续性动词,也可用非延续性动词;

  (2)while总是一个时间段,从句中必须用延续性动词;

  (3)as多用于平行结构,表示两个动作同时发生;

  (4)表示主句的动作发生在从句的较长动作过程中,when, while, as均可使用。从句中为be动词时,多用when和while。谈论两个同时进行的长动作可用while;谈论两个平行动作或两种状态变化多用as。

形容词

1.形容词比较级的修饰语

  在形容词比较级前可以加上某些副词类和表示倍数的词,以对其进行修饰,如:any, no, some, far, even, much, still, a lot, a little, a bit, rather, slightly, not any, three times等等,例如:

This film is far more interesting than that one.

I have been working much harder than before.

She was even more disappointed than we expected.

2.形容词比较级的特殊结构

(1)more…than…意为“与其说……不如说……”。

To them, music is more a way of life than just an interest.

对他们来说,音乐是一种生活方式而不仅仅是一种爱好。

I was more annoyed than worried when he didn’t come home.

(2)“形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级”意为“越来越……”。

It’s getting warmer and warmer.

天气越来越暖和了。

It’s a pity that he’s getting weaker and weaker.

真可怜,他的身体越来越虚弱了。

More and more people become interested in folk music.

对民间音乐感兴趣的人越来越多了。

This type of computer is getting less and less expensive.

 这种计算机越来越便宜了。

(3)the more…the more…意为“越……就越……”。

The more you study, the more you know.

你学得越多,就知道得越多。

The more I have, the more I want.

我越有就越想要用。

(4)no more than…意为“只不过,仅仅……”。not less than…意为“至少,多达……”。

He always looks down upon others, but he himself is no more than nobody.

他总是瞧起别人,但其它他自己只不过是个庸人而已。

The output of this year will be not less than 18 million tons.

今年的产量将多达一千八百万多吨。

(5)more than…意为“不只是,超过”。 no more than意为“只是,不过”。less than…意为“不到,不太”。not less than意为“不少于,不亚于”。

More than 800 people attended the concert.

八百多人出席了音乐会。

I bought it for less than a dollar.

我买它花了不到一美元。

It’s no more than a book. I can’t see any thing special.

它不过是一本书而已,我看不出有什么区别。

Our soldiers fought with no less daring than skill.

我们士兵作战的英勇不亚于他们的战技。

(6)as…as和not as/so…as

The hotel was not as good as they expected.

旅馆没有他们预料的那样好。

It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.

这是我度过的最快乐的一天。

We got three times as many guests as we expected.

来的客人超过我们预料的两倍。

3.形容词最高级的特殊用法

(1)形容词最高级可用作表语,这时定冠词the可以省略。

We are busiest on Mondays.

我们星期一最忙。

Cotton blankets are generally cheapest.

棉毛毯一般最便宜。

(2)形容词最高级前可以加a 或不加冠词来表示“非常……”。

He has been most kind to me.

他对我非常好。

We were all most anxious to go home.

我们都很想回家。

(3)形容词最高级还可和at 构成短语作表语,表示“处于最……的状态”。

The peony was at its brightest.

牡丹花正在盛开。

I knew she was at her worst.

我知道她这时情绪最糟。

She was never at her best in the presence of her mother.

在她妈跟前她的表现从来不是最好的。

(4)形容词最高级还可和at 构成许多短语作状语。

He had been gone 15 minutes at the most.

他离开顶多才一刻钟。

I’ll be with you at latest by ten.

我最迟十点钟就来陪你。

4.than后面的代词是用主格还是用宾格?

  下列两句中,than分别用了I和me,两者都正确:

  She is older than me.(口语中常用)

  She is older than I(am). (较正式文体常用)

  但是,在有些句子中,用主格和用宾格,句子会截然不同。

  John likes Henry more than I.

  John likes Henry more than me.

  我们知道,than用作连词,它的后面省略了一个比较(方式)状语从句。现在我们把以上两句补充完整。

  John likes Henry more than I like Henry.

  John likes Henry more than he likes me.

  看得出,第一句的意思是:约翰比我更喜欢亨利。第二句的意思是:约翰喜欢亨利胜过喜欢我。

5.形容词作定语的排列顺序

  英语中,当名词由两个以上的形容词作前置修饰语时,这些形容词的词序通常遵循一定的规则,一般不得随意调换,也不能依照汉语的意思去排列。不少学生对如何排列形容词的词序颇感困惑。在此,我们向同学们介绍一个简易的记忆文具法。即请你记住“限观形龄色国材”这几个字,这似乎有点不大好记,那就请你记住“县官行令谢国材”吧。它们可以帮你掌握英语里形容词的排列次序。其分别的含义是:

  “”(限)代表限定词,包括:冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、数词等。

  “”(观)代表表示观点的描绘性形容词,如:fine, beautiful, interesting等。

  “”(形)代表表示大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词,如:small, tall, high, little, round等。

  “”(龄)代表表示年龄、新、旧的形容词,如:old, young等。

  “”(“色”的近似音)代表表示颜色的形容词,如:white, black, yellow等。

  “”代表表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词(名词),如:English, American, mountain等。

  “”则代表形成中心名词的材料的形容词,如:stone, wooden, silk, plastic等。

  多个形容词同时修饰同一个名词时,就按上述顺序排列,然后加上中心名词。如:

  a fine old stone bridge 一座古老漂亮石桥

  two big round new Chinese wooden table 两张新的中国式的木制大圆桌

  His large new black foreign car. 他那辆新的大型黑色外国进口汽车。

6.定语后置

  多数情况下,定语放在被修饰的成分之前,称为前置定语。但有些词或短语充当定语时,其位置要在被修饰的成分之后,称为后置定语。出现于中学英语课本的后置定语有下面几种。

(1)介词短语作定语

The lamp in the room gave poor light.

房间里的灯发出微弱的光。

(2)不定式(短语)作定语

Do you have anything to say for yourself?

你还有什么可为自己辩护的吗?

(3)分词短语作定语

Is English the language spoken by the largest number of people in the world?

英语是不是世界上说得最多的一种语言?

(4)形容词短语作定语

The fisherman drew in an old basket full of sand.

那位渔夫拉上来一只装满沙子的旧篮子。

(5)从句作定语,即定语从句

Computers now can do most of the things people can do.

人们能做的大部分工作,计算机现在都能做。

(6)某些形容词,如nearby, far away等作定语。

He worked in a town far away.

他在很远的一个小镇上工作。

(7)副词或副词短语作定语。

I left in that tree over there.

我把它放在那边的那棵树上了。

(8)形容词作something, anything, nothing等的定语。

Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.

几个农民看见空中有些奇怪的东西。

(9)基数词作定语,表示顺序等。

Lesson One 第一课

Room 203 203号房间

(10)当形容与表示度量的短语连用时

Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.

加利略住在比萨城,那里有一座约180英尺高的斜塔。

(11)某些通常用作表语的形容词,如afraid, alive, alone, asleep等作定语时。

Gulliver was the only man alive.

格利佛是唯一活下来的人。

(12)由and或or连接的两个或两个以上的相对应的形容词修饰同一名词时。

The stories about Monkey King are so interesting that people, old and young, enjoy listening to them.

关于猴王的传说非常有趣,人们不分老幼都喜欢听。

副词

1.as…as和not as/ so…as…(不)像……一样

(1)as…as和……一样……;not as/ so…as 不像……那样

I hate him as much as you do.

我像你一样恨他。

You can stay there as long as you want.

在那儿你爱呆多久就呆多久。

I can’t speak English as fast as a native speaker.

我说英文没有以英语为母语的人说得快。

(2)这种结构的句子也可有一个表示程度的状语。

I don’t speak half as(so)well as you.

我讲得不及你一半好。

This ship sails twice as fast as that one.

这艘船的船速比那艘快一倍。

2.副词比较级和最高级的特殊结构

(1)more and more 越来越……

Indeed, she liked him more and more.

的确,她越来越喜欢他了。

She played the piano better and better.

她钢琴弹得越来越好了。

(2)the more…, the more… 越……就越……

The more I talk to Hester, the more I like her.

我和赫斯特聊得越多,就越喜欢她。

The harder you work,the greater progress you’ll make.

你越努力,进步就越大。

(3)had better…最好……

We had better buy the more expensive one. It will last much longer and so it will be cheaper in the end.

我们最好还是买贵些的,字更经久耐用,所以到头来,它还是更便宜些。

You had better not miss the last bus.

你最好不要错过末班公共汽车。

(4)no sooner…than… 一……就……

No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain heavily.

我一到家就下起了大雨。

No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest.

我们一到山顶,大家就都坐下来休息。

(5)less和least

和形容词一样,less和least也可用来构成比较级和最高级,表示“较/最不……”。

Many less-developed countries are in debt because they borrowed money from richer countries in order to develop industry.

许多不发达的国家都负了债,因为它们从较富裕的国家借钱来发展工业。

She behaved the least politely of the five.

五个人中,他表现得最不礼貌。

(6)倍数表达法:在表达一方是另一方的若干倍时,常用如下表达方式:

①…倍数+as+adj./adv.(原级)+as…

②…倍数+adj./adv. (比较级)+than…

③…倍数+the size/ height/length/weight/width/depth…+of+the+名词

This tree is three times as tall as that one.

这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。

The Yangtze River is almost twice longer than the Pearl River.

长江差不多比珠江长两倍。

The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one.

=The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one.

新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。

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