状语从句
1．地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
2．方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
（1）as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如……，就像”，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
（2） as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大，汉译常作“仿佛……似的，好像……似的”。例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
3．原因状语从句
比较：because, since, as和for
（1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
I didn’t go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
（2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
4．目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
so和such比较：
so foolish
such a fool
so nice a flower
such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money
such rapid progress
so many people
such a lot of people
（so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school
5．结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。
比较：so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
6．条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if… not.
Let’s go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let’s go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A．unless B．until C．if D．or
答案：A。
解析：
句意为“除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的”。可转化为 If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late. B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.
7．让步状语从句
though, although
注意：当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
Although it’s raining, they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）
典型例题
（1）_________ she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A．When B．However C．Although D．Unless
答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。
（2）as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意：①句首名词不能带任何冠词。②句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems….
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
（3）ever if, even though 即使
We’ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
（4）whether…or不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
（5）“no matter +疑问词”或“疑问词+后缀ever”
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
8．比较until和till
此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。
肯定句：
I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
（在肯定句中可用before代替。如： Let’s get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：
She didn’t arrive until 6 o’clock.
她直到6点才到。
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn’t manage to do it until you had explained how.
直到你教我后，我才会做。
（1）Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。
（2）Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。
—Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？
— Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
（1）Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
（2） It is not until…that…
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clause)。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
连接副词：when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词：
1．介词后的连词
2．引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That our team won the game made us excited.
We heard the news that our team had won the game.
语法要点回顾
（一）that, what, whatever引导名词性从句辨析
1．that引导名词性从句时，既不表示任何含义，也不充当任何成分，只起连接主句和从句的作用。它引导的名词性从句在复合句中作主语（that不可省，常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置）、宾语、表语或同位语等。例如：
（1）That the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is known to us all.
(= It is known to us all that the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.)
我们大家都知道2008年奥运会将在北京举行。（作主语）
（2）We all know (that) the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. （作宾语）
（3）The truth is that I have never been there.
事实是我从未去过那儿。
（4）we all overjoyed to hear the news that the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.
我们听到2008年北京将举行奥运会的消息，十分兴奋。（作同位语）
（5）We all thought it a pity that he lost the good chance.
我们都为他失去这个好机会而感到遗憾。（宾语）
注：用这种结构作宾语的常用动词有think, find, consider, make, take等。其句型是think (feel, find…)＋it＋名词/形容词＋that从句（作真正的宾语）。
2．what引导的名词性从句，what有双重作用，即将先行词与关系词集于一身，且本身有一定意义，可作主语、宾语、表语等。例如：
（1）What we need is more time. 我们所需要的是更多的时间。（作主语）
注： what引导的名词性从句遵循意义一致原则，有时谓语动词也可用复数形式。例如：
What we need are more science books.
我们所需要的是更多的科学书籍。
注：what引导的名词性从句，一般不用于it作形式主语的句型中，但可用在“it is /was…that”结构的强调句型中，例如：It was what he said that encouraged us. 正是他所说的话鼓励了我们。
（2）We must do what the boss told us to do.
我们必须按照老板吩咐的话去做。（作宾语）
（3）I was surprised at what she said.
我对她所说的话感到吃惊。（介词短语的宾语）
（4）Times aren’t what they were.
时代不同了。（作表语）
3．代词whatever 引导的名词性从句，可作主语、宾语、介词的宾语，意为“所……的任何（一切）事（东西）”，是what which, who的强势语。例如：
（1）Whatever I say goes. 我所说的一切都算数。（作主语）
Whatever I have is at your service.
我所有的东西都可供你使用。（作主语）
（2）I will do whatever you wish.
我将做你所想做的任何事情。（作宾语）
Whatever he does he does well.
他所有的任何事都做得很好。（作宾语）
（3）One should stick to whatever one has begun.
一个人应该坚持做他已经开始做的任何事情。（介词的宾语）
类似的代词还有whoever, whichever等。例如：
Whoever wants it may have it.
谁要都可以给他。
Take whichever seat you like.
你喜欢那位子就坐那个位子。(亦可作状语“无论”。)
（二）whether和if引导名词性从句的用法辨析
1．whether, if可替换的情况
（1）引导宾语从句时：
I don’t know whether / if he will come.
我不知道他是否来。
I’m wondering if /whether the letter is overweight.
我想知道这封信是不是超重。
（2）在“be＋形容词”之后：（习惯上多用whether, if 用得较少）
I’m not sure whether / if I have a copy.
我不能确定我是不是有一本。
It’s doubtful whether we shall be able to come.
我们是否能来，尚未确定。
2．只能用whether，不能用if的情况
（1）在表语从句和同位语从句中。
The question is whether it is worth doing.
问题是这件事是否值得做。
The news whether our football team has won the match is unknown.
足球队是否已取胜我们还不知道。
（2）在主语从句中，如果置于句首时只能用whether，如果用it作形式主语时，if可以与whether换用。
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
我们是否去参加会议还未决定。
It hasn’t been decided whether/ if we shall attend the meeting.
（3）在介词之后
Everything depends upon whether we have enough money.
一切事情视我们是否有足够的钱。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.
我担心是否伤了她的感情。
（4）从句提前时
This is certainly the case but whether it is perfect or not I don’t quite know.
肯定是这种情况，但我不知道是不是美中不足。
（5）引起不定式短语时
I was wondering whether to stay here another week.
我想知道是否在这里再呆一周。
I don’t know whether to accept or refuse.
我不知道是接受还是拒绝。
（6）后面紧接or not时
Tell me whether or not I should invite Nick and his wife.
告诉我，我是否应该请尼克夫妇。
（7）在discuss或decide等动词后，通常只跟whether引导的宾语从句，而不用if。
（三）whether/if与that引导名词性从句的辨析
当动词doubt作“怀疑、不相信”解时，在肯定句中跟whether或if引起的从句，在否定句及疑问句中可跟that引起的从句。例如：
I doubt whether he will come. 我拿不准他是否会来。
I doubt if that was what he wanted. 我不能确定那是否他所要的。
Nobody can possible doubt that he did say so. 没有人怀疑他所说的话。
I don’t doubt that he will come. 我相信他会来。
Can you doubt that he will win?你能不相信他将取胜吗？
有时肯定句中也能跟that引起的从句，这时doubt表示“恐怕……不会”。例如：
I doubt that John will come. 恐怕约翰不会来。
（四）一些表示“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等意义的名词，与表示“事实”、“消息”等意义的名词后面的同位语从句、表语从句用法区别
1．一些表示“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等意义的名词，如suggestion, proposal, motion, plan, order, advice, requirement 等名词后的同位语从句和表语从句，需用“should＋动词原形“或省略should直接接动词原形。例如：
He made the suggestion that they (should) carry on their conversation in English.
他建议他们用英语交谈。
My suggestion is that we (should) send a few people to help the other groups.
我的建议是我们派几个人去帮助别的小组。
He gave the order that we stay where we were.
他命令我们仍留在原地不动。
The order was that we stay where we were.
命令是我们仍留在原处。
What do you think of Smith’s proposal that we (should) put on a play at the English evening?
史密斯建议我们在英语晚会上演一个舞台剧，你觉得怎样？
2．一些名词，如news, truth, fact, promise, hope, thought, belief, doubt等后面的同位语从句和表语从句可接其需要的各种时态。例如：
The truth is that the earth goes around the sun.
地球围着太阳转，这是真理。
We all know the truth that the earth circles the sun.
我们都知道这样一个事实：地球围绕太阳转。
（五）引导名词性从句的that与定语从句的关系代词that的区别
1．引导同位语从句的that一般不能省略，不充当句子中任何成分，只说明其前面名词的具体内容，不可用which代替。例如：
We have heard the news that we’ll move into the new house.
我们已听说我们将搬进新居的消息。
2．引导宾语从句的that，只起引导词作用，没有实际含义，且在口语中经常省略，但当动词后有两个宾语从句时，第二个宾语从句中的that一般不能省略。例如：
We heard (that) his house had been broken into and that some valuable things had been stolen. 我们听说他家被盗，一些有价值的东西被偷走了。
3．that 引导的主语从句，常用it作形式主语。例如：
That such a beautiful girl married so ugly a man is a great pity.
It is a great pity that such a beautiful girl married so ugly a man.
4．引导定语从句的that用来指代先行词，既起到引导从句的作用，又在从句中充当主语或宾语。
典型例题解析：
例1、_________ most of the earth’s surface is covered by water, fresh water is very rare and precious.
A．As B． Once C． If D．Although
解析：
although引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然”；as引导时间状语从句或原因状语从句，once的意思是“一旦”；if引导条件状语从句。
答案：D
例2、I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s _________ I have to wait.
A．in case B．so that C．in order D．as if
解析：
in case引导条件状语从句，表示“以防万一”。根据句意可以判断出带读物的目的是以防万一等待的时候可以读书。so that引导目的状语从句；as if 似乎；in order后接从句必须用in order that.
答案：A
例3、The poor young man is ready to accept _____ help he can get.
A．whichever B．however C．whatever D．whenever
解析：
whatever引导宾语从句，意为“无论什么”，在从句中作help的定语。whichever意为“无论哪一个”。however后接形容词或副词。whenever意为“无论什么时候”。
特别提示：
whatever和whichever名词性从句或让步状语从句中都可以作主语，宾语，表语或定语。但whichever指已知中的未知，范围较窄。而whatever却知未知，范围较窄，所指事物比较含糊。
答案：C
例4、I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early _______ I can have time for a cup of tea.
A．as soon as B．as a result
C．in case D．so that
解析：
so that引导的目的状语从句，表示“以便”，根据句意可以判断出提前20分钟的目的是有时间和一杯茶。as soon as引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就……”。as a result表示“结果是”。in case引导条件状语从句表示“以防万一”。
答案：D
例5、He tried his best to solve the problem, ______ difficult it was.
A．however B．no matter
C．whatever D．although
解析：
however后接形容词引导让步状语从句。no matter后接形容词的正确形式是no matter how。whatever 引导让步状语从句时，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语或定语。although引导让步状语从句应为：Although it was difficult, he tried his best to solve the problem.
答案：A
例6、There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely, ________ she was an only child.
A．ever since B．now that
C．even though D．even as
解析：
根据句意可以判断出，即使她是独生子女，但从来不感到孤独。ever since 表示从此以后，常与现在完成时连用。now that意为“既然”。
再如：The engineers are going through with their highway project, _____ the expenses have risen.
A．even though B．just because
C．now that D．as though
此题中even though表示“即使”引导让步状语从句。
答案：C
例7、The old tower must be saved, _________ the cost.
A．however B．whatever
C．whichever D．wherever
解析:
此题意为：这座古塔必须保留，无论代价是什么。whatever引导让步状语从句，表示“不管……什么（怎么样）”，从句的有些成分有时可以省略掉。
答案：B
例8、—I’m afraid Mr. Wood can’t see you until 4 o’clock.
—Oh，______ I won’t wait.
A．no doubt B．after all
C．in that case D．in this way
解析：
in that case如果是那样的话。No doubt 无疑地；after all毕竟；in this way用这种办法。
特别提示：case 可以组成多个短语。如：
in any case 无论如何，总之
in case
1. 如果，若是，假如万一……，在……的时候（用作连词）
In case it should rain, don’t expect me.( 假如天下雨，我就不来了。)
2．以防，免得（用作连词）
Take your umbrella, in case it rains. （带伞去吧，以防下雨）
3．作为准备；以防万一（用作副词）
It may rain. You’d better take your umbrella just in case.
in case of 要是，如果，万一
in case of war 万一/如果发生战争
in no case 决不
in some cases 有时候
in the case of 就……说，至于……论到，提到
in this/ that case 就……既然是这/那样，假若是这/那样
答案：C
例9、—Did Jack come back early last night?
—Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock ______ he arrived home.
A．before B．when
C．that D．until
解析：
根据回答知道Jack回来的早，when表示“当……的时候”，不到八点的时候就回来了。not until表示“直道……才”，直到八点才回来，表示回来得晚，与情境不合。
答案：B
例10、Allow children the space to voice their opinions, ______ they are different form your own.
A．until B．even if
C．unless D．as though
解析：
题意为：即使孩子们的意见与你的不一致，也要让他们发表自己的看法。even if表示“即使”。
答案：B
例11、These shoes look very good. I wonder ___________.
A．how much cost they are
B．how much do they cost
C．how much they cost
D．how much are they cost
解析：wonder后接宾语从句，从句要用陈述句语序。因此由肯定疑问句变来的宾语从句要出去助动词do, does, did.
答案：C
例12、Doris’ success lies in the fact ________ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.
A．which B．that
C．when D．why
解析：
同位语从句放在某些抽象名词如：face, news, belief, conclusion等词后，表示名词的内容，对其加以解释。同位语从句通常用that引导，但随着其同位语名词的不同，也可以由whether, when, which, who, how, what, why等引导。
答案：B
例13、Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer _______ it was 20 years ago, ________, it was so poorly equipped.
A．what; when B．that; which
C．what; which D．which; that
解析：
what 引导表语从句作表语。when表示“当……的时候”。题意为：不再像20年前设备简陋的时候那样了。
答案：A
