1．lead vt. & vi. 领导，致使；通 向；导致
adj. 领头；领先的
（1）引导，带领
He led us to a room upstairs.
他把我们领到楼上的一个房间。（lead sb. to ＋place）
（2）领导
He led a peace movement in the late 1930’s.
他在二十世纪三十年代末的时候领导了一个和平运动。
（3）使得，导致（某人做某事）
What led you to think that?
什么使得你这么想的？（lead sb. to do sth.）
（4）（使）过（某种生活）
He led a hard life.
他过着一种艰苦的生活。[在lead /live a (adj.) life词组中life没有复数]
（5）（在比赛竞争中）领先，带头
Which horse is leading? 哪匹马领先？
（6）通向，延续到
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
Hard work leads to success. 成功在于努力。
此句相当于：
Hard work causes success.
Success comes from hard work.
Success depends on / upon hard work.
Success lies in hard work.
（7）lead up to 导致，打算（干什么）
What is he leading up to by talking this way?
他这么说是打算干什么？
（8）lead into 使陷入或进入（某种状态）
He is sure to lead you into error.
他一定会使你犯错误。
（9）lead the way 带路；带头
The boys need someone to lead the way on their hike.
在远足中孩子们需要有人带路。
lead 还可用作名词。
（1）领先地位；领先（可加不定冠词）
He is in the lead in this race.
在这次比赛中他处于领先地位。
（2）主角（多和the连用）
John has the lead in the school play.
在学校演出中约翰是主角。
（3）导线，引线（可数名词）
Keep your dog on the lead in these busy streets.
在繁华路段要牵住你的狗。
（4）先出牌，出的头张牌
It is your lead. 你先出牌。
lead常用于以下固定词组：
①give a lead 起带头作用，引导，提示
He didn’t give the lead they looked for.
他们没有给他们所寻找的提示。
②take the lead 带头，领先，走在前面
He took the lead at the beginning.
开始的时候他领先。
派生词：
leader n. 领导，走在前头的人
leadership n. 领导（常用于词组under the leadership of在……领导下）
leading adj. 领导的，第一位的，最主要的
the leading role 主角
2．measure n.
（1）尺寸
His waist measure is 30 inches.
他腰围三十英寸。
词组：
take sb’s measure / take the measure of sb. 给某人量尺寸；估量某人（的品格、能力等）
（2）计量单位；量器
What measure do you use for cloth? 你们用什么量布？
（3）措施；办法
This medicine may not help him, but it is the only measure I can take before the doctor comes.
这药可能对他没帮助，但在医生到来之前我再没有其它办法。（take measures采取措施）
vi.
（1）量
It measures more easily if spread on a table.
要是把它铺在桌上，量起来就更容易些。
（2）有……长（宽、高）
The road measures 30 feet across.
这条路宽三十英尺。（不可用被动语态）
3．devote
主要用法：
（1）vt. 投入于；献身（常与介词to连用）。例如：
Every spare moment was devoted to study.
每一点休闲时间都用于学习。（devote time to sth.）
（2）devote oneself to 致力于；献身于（to为介词）
He devoted himself entirely to music.
他致力于音乐。
He has devoted his life to helping blind people.
他一生献身于帮助盲人。（devote one’s life to doing sth.）
（3）be devoted to
He was still devoted to the study of chemistry.
他仍然献身于化学研究。（献身于；忠于，专心致志于）
The couple were devoted to each other.
这对夫妇非常相爱。（热爱，很喜欢，忠诚于）
派生词：
devoted adj. 忠诚于，亲爱的，关切的
a devoted father /friend 亲爱的父亲/朋友
注意：此词组常用oneself, one’s energy /one’s life /one’s time等作devote的宾语，构成词组：
devote oneself /one’s energy /one’s life /one’s time to sth. /doing sth.
4．辨析common /usual /ordinary
common：意思是①共同的（shared by 2 or more; united）
②大家的；公共的（public）
③常见的；常有的（found /happening often and in many places; usual）
④熟悉的；普通的（widely known; general）
例如：
It is common desire of France and Britain to defeat the enemy.
战胜敌人是英国与法国的共同愿望。
Rabbits and foxes are common in Britain.
兔子与狐狸在英国很常见。
We haven’t much in common.
我们没有很多共同之处。（have …in common）
It’s common knowledge among politicians that an election will soon be called.
不久将举行大选，这是从政者都知道的事。
usual：侧重点在“与往常一样”，没有什么改变，常用在词组as usual（与往常一样）。例如：
We go to school as usual on Saturdays.
在星期六我们像往常一样上学。（习惯的）
We will meet at the usual time.
我们还是在平常见面的时间见面。
ordinary：普通的，平常的（not unusual; common）；侧重于“不特殊的，不突出的”与“特殊的，突出的”相对应。例如：
He is an ordinary –looking person.
他是一个相貌平平的人。
He is always in ordinary dress.
他总是穿着平常的衣服。
5．reduce vt. 减少，缩减；简化（常与介词to连用）（to make smaller, cheaper, etc. from a larger to a smaller amount /number）
主要用法：
（1）The great fire reduced the forest to a few trees.
大火将森林烧得只剩下几棵树。
（2）The price has been reduced to $ 5.
价格已经降到了5美元。（sth. be reduced to … 被减少到……）
（3）The number of the students has been reduced by 3%.
学生的人数已经减少了3%。（sth. be reduced by… 被减少了……）
（4）I don’t want some sugar because I’m reducing.
我不想要糖，因为我在减肥。（减肥）
（5）She was reduced to begging for her living.
她被沦落为以乞讨为生。（sb. be reduced to doing sth. /sth某人被沦落到……）
6．adapt 使适应；改编（主要与介词to连用）
（1）We adapted (ourselves ) to the hot weather.
我们已适应了这炎热的气候。
（相当于：We agreed with the hot weather.）
（2）This book has been adapted for use in school.
这本书已被改编在学校使用。
（3）He adapted an old car engine to drive his boat.
他把一辆旧车发动机改造给他的船用。
（4）He never adapts to the idea of having a stepmother.
他永远也不会接受有一个继母的想法。
1．in danger 在危险中；垂危
主要用法：此词组是一介词短语，常与一些动词连用。如：
He is in danger, we should help him.
他现在很危险，我们得帮帮他。（be in danger 处在危险之中）
He is in （great, real…）danger of losing all his money if he continues to buy useless objects.
假如他继续买那些无用的东西，就会把钱全部花掉。
[be in （great, real…）danger of doing sth. 处在做……事的危险之中]
opp. be out of danger 脱险。例如：
The sick man’s life had been in danger, but now he was out of danger.
病人一度有生命危险，不过现在已脱离危险了。（be out of danger 脱险）
比较：be in danger /be dangerous (adj.)
be in danger 指某人/某物正处在危险之中
be dangerous 指某人/某物对别人来说是很危险的。例如：
It’s dangerous to smoke. 抽烟是危险的。
He is dangerous. 他是一个很危险的人。
2．die out 灭绝；逐渐消灭（主要指家族、种族、习俗、观念死光、死绝、灭绝、绝迹）；过时（of families, races, practices and ideas to disappear completed）
例如：
The practice of educating the eldest son to be a priest is dying out.
把长子培养成神职人员的习俗已经过时了。[（习俗、观念）过时]
The dinosaur had died out long before.
恐龙在很早以前就灭绝了。
die out也可用来指“火焰的熄灭”。例如：
The fire died out. 火渐渐熄了。
比较：
die away 渐息，渐弱，逐渐消失（主要指声音、风、光线）。例如：
The wind had died away by dusk.
黄昏时分，风停了。
die off 一个个死去；顺次枯死（特指一群生物）（of a group of living things to die one by one）
The deer in the forest are all dying off from disease.
森林里的鹿一头接一头地病死了。
die down 减势，平静下来，转弱。（become less strong）.例如：
The fire is dying down, Please get more coal.
火快灭了，请多加点煤。
It took a long time for the excitement to die down.
兴奋的情绪很久才平静下来。
dir from 表示因某种创伤或外部原因所造成的“死”。例如：
The soldier died from a wound in the chest.
那战士因胸部受伤而死。
The scientist died from hard work.
这个科学家因过度劳累而死。
die of 多指因疾病、饥饿、年老而“死”。有时可与die from通用。例如：
He died of a heart attack. 他因心脏病发作而死。
He died of hunger. 他因饥饿而死。
die for 表示为了某种目的而死。例如：
He died for our motherland. 他为国捐躯。
3．as a result of 作为（……的）结果
用法：此词组为一介词短语，有时也可作as the result of…，意思上相当于because of, owing to及for the reason of…。例如：
He was injured as a result of boiler explosion.
他因锅炉爆炸而受伤。（because of /owing to /for the reason of）
He was late as a result of the snow.
因为大雪，他迟到了。（because of /owing to /for the reason of）
比较：as a result of /as a result / with result that /in the result /without result.
as a result 表示“因此，结果”。例如：
This accident happened at midnight. As a result, many people were injured.
这个事故发生在半夜，很多人受伤了。
with the result that 表示“其结果是……因此，从而”，后接从句。例如：
I was in the bath, with the result that I did not hear the telephone.
那时我正在洗澡，因此没有听到电话铃响。
注意：as a result与with the result that都可作“因此，从而”讲，但前者用作插入语，前后用标点符号隔开，后者则引导一个句子，相当于连词。
in the result 表示“后果，结果，最后，其结果是……”。例如：
You took great risk, though in the result it did not turn out nearly so badly as it might have done.
尽管后来不是那么严重，但是你冒的风险太大了。
without result 表示“毫无结果地，无效地，徒劳地”。例如：
I’ve been trying to open the door, without result so far.
我一直想打开这扇门，但是现在还打不开。
4．make a difference 有关系；有影响
此词组还可拓展为：
（1）make much difference 对……有很大不同/影响
相当于：make a lot of difference
（2）make no difference 对……没有影响
（3）make some difference 对……有一些影响
例如：
Flowers make no /a lot of /some /all the difference to a room.
房间里有没有花没什么/有很大的/有一点差别/确实不一样。
It doesn’t make much /any /the least difference to me what you do /whether you go or stay.
你做什么/你走还是留下来对我都是一样/对我丝毫没有影响。
5．whatever / no matter what /anything that
whatever可以分解为：no matter what （引导的是让步状语从句）和anything that（引导的是定语从句）
例如：无论你说什么，我都会同意。
No matter what you say, I’ll agree with you.
（让步状语从句，此处不可用anything that）
I’ll agree with anything that you say.
（代替定语从句，不可使用no matter what. 句中anything that 可用whatever）
如何选定：no matter what /anything that
决窍：no matter what 的主句，是一个完整的句子。anything that的主句，是一个不完整的句子。
例如：用no matter what和anything that填空：
你想要什么，我都会给你。
①_____ you want, I will give it to you.
②I’ll give ______ you want.
1．…ways to deal with causes… 解决污染的方法
deal with 处理，应付；对待；安排；论述；涉及。例如：
Here is some advice for dealing with common injuries.
下面是处理普通创伤的几点建议。
There are so many difficulties for us to deal with.
有那么多的困难需要我们去处理。
Teachers should deal fairly with their pupils.
老师应该公平地对待学生。
Children are tiring to deal with.
应付小孩很累人。
Tom’s new book deals with the trouble in Ireland.
汤姆写的新书是关于爱尔兰的各种问题的。（涉及，关于）
2．Take turns asking and answering questions. 轮流回答问题。
take turns 轮流，依次。常用在词组：take turns doing sth./ to do sth.中。
例如：
They took turns giving /to give a talk at the meeting.
他们在会上轮流发言。
All the schools take turns to hold the sports meet every year.
所有学校每年轮流举办运动会。
注意：take turns to do /doing sth.相当于do sth in turn.
3．The good news is that there is a lot we can do to help （the environment）.
好消息是我们可以做许多有助于（保护生态环境）的事。
that引导的从句是表语从句，由一个句子充当表语叫做表语从句。类似于宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。例如：
The result is that many of them become fat.
结果是他们中许多人变胖了。
That’s because we never thought of it.
那是因为我们从未想起它。
That is why he and his family left Europe for the USA in 1993.
那就是为什么他和家人在1993年离开欧洲前往美国的原因。
注意：表语从句中的引导词that不可以省略。
4．Without air, water and energy there would be no living things.
没有空气、水和能量就没有生物。
这是一个虚拟句式，相当于由if there were no air, water and energy引导的条件状语从句，there would be no living things作为主句，would be 表虚拟结果。又如下面这道高考题。
Without electricity human life ______ quite different today.
A．is B．will be
C．would have been D．would be
