1．humor (=humour) 幽默；诙谐；心情；情绪
He has no sense of humor. 他没有一点幽默感。（感受幽默的能力）
I read a story full of humor. 我昨晚读了一个妙趣横生的故事。
My daughter is in a good humor today. 我的女儿今天很高兴。
短语：in a good humor 情绪好
out of humor 心情不好；不高兴
派生词：
（1）humored adj. 具有……心情的
good-humored 情绪良好的
ill-humored 心情不佳的
（2）humorous adj. 富于幽默感的；滑稽的
2．bitter adj. 苦的；刺痛的（寒冷、风等）；痛苦的，悲伤的；怀恨的
The soup is bitter. 这汤味道苦了点。（有苦味的）
It’s really bitter out there today. 今天外边冷极了。（严寒的）
I must warn you—and I speak from bitter experience— not to do business with those people.
我必须警告你不要和那些人做生意，我是有过惨痛的教训才说这话的。（惨痛的；辛酸的，难以接受的）
He’s still very bitter about the way she treated him.
想到露茜曾那样对待自己，他至今还是充满着怨恨。
The defeat was a bitter pill to swallow.
那次失败是一枚难以吞咽的苦果。[a bitter pill (to swallow)不得不接受的苦衷]
3．chalk n. 粉笔 [C & U]
a piece of chalk 一支粉笔
a box of coloured chalks 一盒彩色粉笔
as different as chalk and cheese 截然不同的
not by a long chalk 一点也不；丝毫不
The problem isn’t solved yet, not by a long chalk.
问题还没解决，还差得远呢。
4．intend v. 想要；打算；
What do you intend to do/doing today?
你今天打算做些什么？(intend to do/doing)
They intend that this reform shall be carried through this year.
他们计划今年完成这一改革。(intend that-从句)
I intend them to see the result soon.
我打算让他们早点看到结果。(intend sb. to do)
His son is intended for the medical profession.
他计划让他的儿子习医。(intend for相当于have a plan for sth. in one’s mind usu. use passive voice为……而准备；预定)
派生词：intention n. 打算；意图；目的
If I’ve hurt your feelings, it was quite without intention.
如果我伤害了你的感情，那完全是无意的。
He’s full of good intentions, but can’t really do anything to help.
他虽然一片好心，但是实际上却帮不上什么忙。
5．certain adj. 确定的；无疑的；某种
There are certain reasons why his temper became very bad.
有某些原因使得他的脾气变的很坏。（某种）
She is certain to pass the exam. (be certain to do sth.)
她肯定会考试及格。（确定的，无疑的）
She was quite certain about/of it. (be certain about/of )
她对此很有把握。（确定的，无疑的）
We’re not certain where he lives. (be certain that)
我们不敢肯定他住在哪儿。（确定的，无疑的）
We went to the theatre early and made certain we all got seats. (make certain确保；使确实)
我们很早就去剧场，以确保我们人人都有座位。
比较：certain与sure
在很多情况下，二者可以互换，表示“确信的，确定的，一定的”。
（1）be certain/sure (that) 确信
I'm certain/sure I saw him sitting in the classroom after class.
我确信放学之后我看见他在教室里坐着。
（2）be not certain/sure wh-/how clause 不能确信某事
I'm not certain/sure where he is living. 我不能确信他住在哪儿。
（3）be certain/sure of 确信
I'm certain/sure of his finishing the work ahead of time.
=I'm sure that he will finish the work ahead of time.
我相信他会提前完成任务。
（4）be certain/sure about 对……有把握
I'm certain/sure about his own answer.
他对他自己的答案确信无疑。
（5）be certain/sure to do 一定、肯定做某事
He is certain/sure to come earlier than ever before.
他一定会比以往来得早。
（6）make certain/sure that 弄清楚，确保，保证
You should make certain/sure that the doors are locked before you go out.
你应确保出去之前，把门锁好。
We must make certain/sure that everything is ready before the experiment.
我们必须确保在实验之前把一切准备好。
（7）make certain/sure of 弄清楚，确保，保证
We must make certain/sure of the date for the meeting.
我们应弄清楚会议的日期。
We must make sure of the facts.
我们必须弄清楚事实。
但在“It is certain that.../It is not certain加wh-或how所引导的主语从句或It is uncertain 加wh-或how所引导的主语从句”结构中，只能用certain, 不能用sure来替换。例如：
It is certain that the sports meeting will be held tomorrow.
运动会将于明天召开是确定无疑的。
It is not certain/uncertain where the sports meeting will be held.
运动会将在何地召开还未定下来。
It is not certain how he will settle the problem.
他将以何种方式解决问题还未定下来。
6．amuse vt. 使发笑；给……提供娱乐
We amused ourselves by playing games.
我们玩游戏自娱自乐。（给……提供娱乐）
His answer amused me very much.
他的回答使我觉得很好笑。（使发笑）
派生词：
amusement n. 快乐；娱乐；消遣
amusing adj. 引人发笑的；好笑的
be amused at (by, with) 对……感到有趣
7．appreciate v. 赏识；了解，理解；感激；增值
His abilities were not appreciated in his job.
（vt. 赏识；欣赏）
I don’t think you appreciate the difficulties it will cause.
我认为你不完全了解这件事会造成怎样的困难。
I appreciate that this is not an easy decision for you to make.
我完全理解你作出这项决定是不容易的。（to understand fully; recognize 了解；理解）
I’d appreciate it if you would turn the radio down. (=Please turn it down)
请你把收音机的音量挑低一些。（vt. to be thankful or grateful for感激）
Houses in this area have all appreciated (in value) since the new road was built.
自从新路修好之后，这个地区的房产都增值了。（vi. 财产等增值）
派生词：
appreciation n. 欣赏；赏识；评论；增值
appreciative adj. 感激的；赞赏的（be appreciative of sth. ）
8．suffer v. 忍受；遭受……痛苦；容忍
He died very quickly, he didn’t suffer much.
他死得很快，没有受多少痛苦。（遭受痛苦）
She was very generous to him but she suffered for it when he ran away with all her money.
她对他非常慷慨大方，但他却把她的钱财席卷一空逃跑了，这使她吃足了苦头。（suffer for sth. 受损失）
If you break the law, you must be prepared to suffer the consequences.
如果你犯法，你就要准备承担后果。（承受）
He doesn’t suffer fools.
他对蠢人没有耐心。（容忍，忍受）
She suffers from headaches.
她患头痛病。（suffer from… 为……所苦）
9．operate v. 运转；操作；经营；生效，起作用；动手术
The machine is operating well now.
这部机器现在运转得不错。（运转）
Do you know how to operate the heating system?
你知道怎么操作这加热系统吗？（vt.操作）
Our company operates in several countries.
我们公司在好几个国家有业务活动。（vi. 经营）
operating losses 经营损失
The new law operates against us.
这项新法律对我们不利。（vi. 起作用）
I’m afraid we’ll have to operate on that patient.
恐怕我们要给那位病人开刀了。（vi. 动手术）
operating system 电脑的操作系统
operating theatre 手术室
派生词：
operation n. 操作；运转；手术
operative adj. 操作的；有效的；运转的
10．direction n. 方向；指导
directions （复数形式）指示；说明书
She drove off in the direction of London.
她驱车朝伦敦方向驶去。(towards London)
Our company is under the direction of a good manager.
我们公司由一位好经理管理。
His greatest problem is that he has no sense of direction.
他最大的问题是自己毫无目标。（=lack direction）
Follow the directions on the paper please.
请按照纸上的用法说明去做。（复数形式意为“指示；说明书”。）
11．rude adj. 不礼貌的；粗鲁的；简陋的
Don’t be so rude to your father.
不要对你爸爸那样没礼貌！(be rude to sb.)
It’s very rude of her to leave without telling us.
她不和我们打声招呼就走了，这是非常不礼貌的。(be rude of sb to do sth.)
1．It’s their clothes, make-up and the way they walk that makes people laugh.
逗人们笑的是他们的衣着、打扮和走路姿势。
It is (was)…that(who)…是个强调句型，用来加强主语、宾语、表语和状语等语气的结构。被强调的部分通常位于It is/was后,that/who前。如果被强调的是人可用that,也可用who;如果被强调的是事或物，则只能用that.
如：I met that famous singer on the street yesterday.
我昨天在街上遇到了那位有名的歌手。
It was I who/that met that famous singer on the street yesterday.
（是我而不是别人遇到，强调主语）
It was on the street that I met that famous singer yesterday.
（是在大街上而不是在别的地方，强调地点状语）
It was yesterday that I met that famous singer on the street.
（是昨天遇到的而不是别的时间，强调地点状语）
注意：只要把需要强调的部分提到It is/was后that/who前，所以去掉这个句型，原句还是完整的，上句还原：I met that famous singer on the street yesterday.
2．Typical for China is the crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians entertain the audience with word play.
中国喜剧的典型是相声，两个滑稽演员通过玩弄辞藻来逗乐观众。
说明：这是一句倒装句，其主语the crosstalk show,typical 是形容词作表语。原来句子顺序是The crosstalk show, …, is typical for China. 由于show后面跟了一句较长的非限定性定语从句，整个句子结构不平衡，所以把表语和系动词前置。
3．Skilled artists make use of all the richness of the spoken language to create a rapid flow of fun.
技艺高超的艺术家利用丰富多彩的口语，创造出连绵不绝的乐趣。
（1）make use of 利用某事物或某人
make (good/full) use of sth. to do/doing 充分利用……做……
Students should make (full) use of their time to study.
学生们应该（充分）利用他们的时间去学习。
（2） a flow of某事物的持续或连续供应
the constant flow of information 源源不断的信息
cut off the flow of oil 切断石油输送
4．I decided to look on the whole matter as a great joke!
我决定将整件事情当作一个大笑话。
look on…as… = consider…as…= regard…as = think of …as…= treat…as … 把……看作……
I looked on it as a great honor.
我把这看作是一种很大的荣幸。
We can’t look on the enemy as friends.
我们不能把敌人当作朋友。
5．The interview went very well. 面试进展得很顺利。
本句中go 意为“进展，进行”，在不同的情况下有不同的译法。
But things do not go according to plan. 但是形势并没按计划发展。
Everything goes well with me. 一切对我来说都很顺利。
When his work wasn’t going right, he was restless.
当工作不顺利的时候，他感到烦躁不安。
6．People make us laugh by making fun of somebody’s way of dressing or telling an amusing story.
（1）make sb./sth. do sth. 使某人（某物）……
常见的使役动词和感官动词，如： make, let, have, feel, listen to, hear, look at, observe, see, notice, watch…等，后面常接省略了to的不定式做其宾语补足语。
Don’t have him stand outside. 不要让他站在外面。
Let me see. 让我想想。
注意：
当以上的词用在被动语态结构中（let 和have没有被动式），其主语补足语都要加上to.
We were made to work more than ten hours a day.
我们过去被迫每天工作十多个小时。
（2）make fun of 嘲笑（相当于laugh at; play jokes on ）
Don’t make fun of others. 不要取笑别人。
（1）动词-ing或动词-ing短语作定语，指正在进行的动作时，在意义上表示主谓关系(如例句①与②)；动词-ing的被动式作定语，指正在进行的被动动作(如例句③)。如果动词-ing与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系，则用动词-ing的被动式。(如例句③)。
（2）动词-ing的完成式通常不作定语，一般用作状语。例如：
Having been shown the labs (=As we had been shown the labs), we were taken to see the library.
（二）动词-ing作宾语补足语
动词-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语，可带这种复合宾语的动词有：see, observe, hear, notice, find, have, get, keep, catch, leave等。它强调宾语的动作是主动的，又是正在进行的；宾语和宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：
We heard her singing in her room.
我们听见她在她的房间里唱歌。
He saw a girl getting on the tractor.
他看见一个女孩正在上拖拉机。
The salesman caught the boy stealing in the shop.
那个男售货员发现这个男孩在商店里偷东西。
注意区别动词-ing与不定式、过去分词作宾语补足语：
动词-ing强调动作的主动、正在进行；不定式强调动作的全过程；过去分词强调动作的被动、完成。比较：
I heard them singing that song. 我听见他们正在唱那首歌。
I heard them sing that song. 我听见他们唱了那首歌。
I heard that song sung. 我听人唱过那首歌。
