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Unit 6 Good manners

 

一、本单元重点单词

1.interrupt vt. & vi. 打断;中断;插嘴

Traffic was interrupted by a snowstorm.

交通被暴风雪所阻断。

Don’t interrupt me while I'm speaking!

我讲话时,不要打断!

Trade between the two countries was interrupted by the war.

两国间的贸易因战争而中断。

辨析:interrupt/bother/disturb

interrupt 意为“打断,中断;插嘴”,指停顿或中断正在进行的事物,重在强调“断”。

bother 意为打扰;扰乱”,重在强调“扰”。

disturb 也可作“打扰(某人)”,但重在强调破坏宁静或平静的自然的局面。

Traffic was interrupted by floods.

交通被洪水阻断。(阻断)

His bad leg is bothering him again.

他的那条伤腿又在痛了。(打扰某人bother sb.)

Don’t bother yourself about me.

别为我操心。

A light wind disturbed the surface of the water.

微风弄皱水面。(不可用bother)

Anyone who disturbs the peace should be punished.

任何扰乱治安的人应该严惩。[disturb the peace 扰乱治安(固定搭配)]

Don’t disturb yourself one my matter.

别因为我而给你添麻烦。(可用bother)

2.apologize vi. 道歉,谢罪(BrE)=apologise (AmE)

主要搭配:

(1)apologize to sb. 向某人道歉/谢罪

   I must apologize to you.

   我必须向你道歉。

(2)apologize for sth. 由于某事而道歉

   I must apologize for being late.

   我必须为迟到这件事而道歉。

(3)apologize to sb. for sth. 因某事向某人道歉

   He has apologized to her for not waiting for her at the station.

   因没有在车站等她,他就向她道歉。

派生词:apology n.

常用词组:

例如:

she made an apology to me for stepping my foot.

她因踩我的脚而向我道歉。

3.forgive vt.& vi. 原谅,饶恕(forgive—forgave —forgiven)

主要用法:

(1)forgive sb. sth. 原谅某人某事

例如:We shall forgive him his offences.

    我们将宽恕他的无礼。(vt.

   Will you forgive me the debt?

   请宽免我的债好吗?(vt.

(2)forgive sb. for sth./doing sth.原谅某人某事

例如:Forgive me for leaving some of your questions unanswered.

   请原谅,我留下了一些问题未回答。(forgive sb. for doing sth.)

   He is not a man who forgives easily.

   他不是一个容易宽恕的人。(vi.

比较:forgive/pardon/excuse

  这几个词都用于由于对另一方造成轻微不便、麻烦,而以一种有礼貌的方式表达歉意。一般都可通用,但excuse 在日常口语中最常用。

  excuse 语气最轻,其宾语一般是有过错、疏忽或犯有错误的人或事。如:

  You’ll excuse me for not recognizing you at once.

  请原谅我没有一下子把你认出来。[excuse me for (not) doing sth.]

  Excuse my interrupting you.

  对不起,打扰你了。(excuse sth./doing sth.)

  pardon 原谅、饶恕,赦免,比excuse 和forgive 更为正式,也用作“免于惩罚或追究”之意。例如:

  I hope you will pardon me for doing so.

  我希望你原谅我这么做。(pardon sb. for doing sth.)

  I beg your pardon./Beg your pardon.

  对不起,请原谅。

  [此词组还常用于:①做了错事道歉时②谈话中提出异议前③没听清对方的话,希望他重复一遍(这时也可能说Beg pardon 或Pardon)]

比较:excuse me/I’m sorry/I beg your pardon

    excuse me 是客套语,常用于要走开、插话、表示异议等场合。

  I’m sorry. 常表示确已犯某种过失,或用来表示委婉的拒绝,常用于句型I’m sorry, but…

  Excuse me, but could you tell me the time?

  对不起,请问现在几点钟?

  I’m sorry to say that the work was not well done.

  很遗憾,这件工作没有做好。

  I’m sorry, but I won’t be able to come tonight.

  很抱歉,我今天晚上不能来了。

  注意:apologize vi. 主要用于词组:apologize to sb. for sth.或apologize for sth to sb.

4.unfold vt. & vi. 打开,摊开;显露,阐明;呈现

The landscape unfolded before us.

风景展现在我们眼前。(呈现)

The story unfolds as the film goes on.

影片开始以后,故事就逐步展开。(表露)

Modern films can show a rose unfolding.

现代电影可以展示玫瑰花开的过程。(绽开)

常用词组:

unfold a map 摊开地图

unfold a parcel 打开包裹

unfold one’s thoughts 逐渐敞开自己的思想

反义词:fold 拆叠,收拢,包起

例如:She folded the handkerchief and put it in her pocket.

她折好手绢放进口袋。

Fold a piece of paper round the flowers so that they will be easier to carry.

用一张纸把花包起来,这样容易携带。

5.cloth n. 布;织物

主要用法:

(1)布(材料)为不可数名词。

例如:How much cloth does it take to make a blouse for the girl?

 为这个女孩做一件衬衫需要多少布?

 a piece of cloth 一块布料   

(2)作特殊用途的布,为可数名词。

例如:Have you any cloths for cleaning the furniture?

 你有擦家具的布吗?

 Pass me a table cloth, I want to cover it on the table.

 递给我一张桌布,我想把它罩在桌子上。

比较:cloth/clothes/clothing/dress/suit

  clothes 指“衣服”,词本身是复数,后接复数动词,它包括裤子、上衣、内衣等等,不指一件衣服。前面不可与数词连用,也不可与several连用。例如下面表达法均为错误。

  this/that/a/two/100/several… clothes(错误)

  应说:these/those/some/many/a lot of …clothes

  an article of clothes 一件衣服(错误)

  应说 a suit of clothes(一套衣服)

Practice:

这些衣服很新。These clothes are very new.

clothing 指“衣服”总称。词本身为不可数名词,作主语时谓语动词用单数。例如:

Our clothing protects us from the cold.

我们的衣服为我们御寒。

People in Europe wear warm clothing in winter.

欧洲人冬天穿暖和的衣服。(也可用clothes)

一件衣服:an article of clothing(不可说:a suit of clothing)

二件衣服:two articles of clothing

dress 是可数名词,一般指女人或孩子穿的衣服。但有时也可用作不可数名词,既指男装,也可指女装。例如:

The person who wears a dress is a woman not a man.

穿裙子的那人是个女的而不是个男的。[n.(C)女装,a dress 指an article of women’s clothing]

He doesn’t seem to care much about dress.

他似乎对衣着不很关心。[n.(U)服装,衣着]

在现代英语里,dress大多数用来指特殊的服装。例如:

full dress 大礼服

national dress 民族服装

evening dress 晚礼服

suit 是可数名词。指一套衣服,可指男装或女装。suit可构成合成词,表示特殊用途的衣服。例如:

a bathing suit 游泳衣

a sports suit 运动衣

a space suit 宇航衣

a diving suit 潜水衣

6.raise vt.

(1)举起,相当于put up/lift.例如:

raise one’s hand to sb 向某人举起手(作出要打的样子)/举手打人

raise one’s eyes 举目,仰视

比较:put up one’s hand 举起手(问问题时)

raise one’s hat to sb. 向某人举帽致敬

raise one’s glass to sb. 举杯祝某人健康

She raised her finger to her lips as a sign for silence.

她将手指举到唇边,示意肃静。

(2)提高(to make higher in amount/degree/size, etc.)

raise the temperature 提高温度

raise someone’s pay 增加薪水

raise the standard of English 提高英语程度

raise one’s voice 提高嗓门

(3)唤起[to cause people to have(feelings)]

His long absence raised doubts/fears about his safety.

他长时期不在,引起了大家对他安全的种种揣测/担心。

This accident raised the country against the enemy.

这个事件唤起了全国人民抗议。

(4)饲养;种植;养育(既可指人,也可指动物或植物)

raise a family 养家/抚养子女,相当于 support a family.

raise horses 饲养马匹,相当于keep horses.

raise wheat种植小麦,相当于grow wheat.

小结:饲养动物:keep/raise…

    种植植物:grow/raise…

    供养某人:raise…

相关词组:raise sb to one’s feet 把某人扶起来

      raise money 筹钱;集资

难点:raise…to… 举到……;提高到……

   raise…by… 举高了……;提高了……

例如:The price has been raised to $10.

   价格涨到了10美元。(raise sth to… 涨到……)

The price was $5 last week, now it has been raised to $12. It has been raised by $7.

价格上个星期是5美元,现在涨到了12美元,上涨了7美元。(be raised by 涨了……)

比较:raise/rise

(1)rise为不及物动词(过去式、过去分词分别为:rose, risen),意思是“升起、上升”。不可有宾语或被动语态。raise为及物动词,可有宾语和被动语态。例如:

The price has been raised to $10.

=The price has risen to $10(rise to 上升到)

It has been raised by $7.

=It has risen by $7.(rise by 上升了)

(2)rise 可表示“起床、起身”,相当于stand up或set up.例如:

He rose to welcome me.

他站起来迎接我。(stand up)

Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy and wise.

睡得早,起得早,使人身强脑子壮。(get up)

相关词组及用法:

rise up 起来,起来反抗。例如:

They will rise up and overthrow the new government.

他们将起来反抗新政府。

rise to one’s feet 站起来

二、本单元重点短语

1.mix…with…  把……同……混合

Oil won't mix with water.

油不能和水混合。

Rice should not be mixed with other food.

米饭不应该同其它食物混合。

We can sometimes mix business with pleasure.

我们有时候把工作和快乐结合在一起。

2.leave out 省去,遗漏;不考虑

You've made a mistake. You've left out the letter“t”.

你犯了一个错误,你把字母t漏掉了。

You can leave out the third sentence.

你可以删去第三句。

You left out the possibility that the train might be late.

你忽略了火车晚点的可能性。

Don't leave me out!

请不要漏掉我。

3.make jokes(a joke)about sb 以某人为笑柄

相关词组:play a trick/tricks on sb 对某人……恶作剧

   make fun of 同……开玩笑

   make a fool of sb. 愚弄某人

   have a joke with sb. 和某人一起讲笑话

   fool sb. into doing sth. 哄骗某人做某事

   laugh at sb 嘲笑某人

4.stare at sb./ sth. 盯着某人/某物看

He simply stared at her with that strange expression on his face.

他只是带着那种奇怪的神情死死地盯着她看。

He stared at the word trying to remember what it meant.

他盯着这个单词,努力想记起它的意思。

Death stared him in the face.

他危在旦夕。[stare sb. in the face (死,不幸)迫在眼前]

I rounded the corner, and the sign I had been looking for stared me in the face.

我拐了弯,而我一直在寻找的那块招牌就在我眼前。[stare sb in the face (事实等)显明,明明的,俨然存在]

stare也可作可数名词。例如:

The boss gave Tom a cold stare.

老板冷冷地瞪了汤姆一眼。( give sb a…stare 瞪某人一眼)

三、本单元重点句子

1.People who go to a western dinner party for the first time may be surprised by table manners in western culture.

  第一次去参加西方宴会的人可能会吃惊于西方文化中的餐桌礼节。

(1)for the first time 意为“第一次”。此词组中的for不可用其它介词替换,是一固定搭配。而the first time 通常用在句首用来引导一个从句,相当于when…for the first time.例如:

When I saw him for the first time, I thought he was from the south.

当我第一次看见他的时候,我以为他是从南方来的。

The first time I came to Beijing, I went to visit the Great Wall.

第一次我去北京,我就去看了长城。

注意:表示“第几次”时,前面需要介词for,,但若表示“几次”时,则不可带介词“for”,

例如:

He has been to Shanghai three times.

他已去上海三次了。(不可以说:He has been to Shanghai for three times)

Tom has read the text many times.

汤姆已经读了课文好几遍了。(不可以说为:Tom has read the text for many times)

(2)may be与maybe的用法不可混淆。前者是情态动词加be构成谓语,后者则是副词。例如:

Maybe you are right. 可能你是对的。(相当于you may be right)

Maybe it is your book.这可能是你的书。(相当于It may be your book)

2.When drinking to someone's health, you raise your glass but the glasses should not touch.

  当祝某人健康时,你举起酒杯,但不要同别人的酒杯碰撞。

(1)drink to one’s health或drink sb’s health意思是“举杯祝某人健康”,drink 这里表示“举杯祝贺”。例如:

Let’s drink(to) your health!

让我们祝你身体健康。

He drank success to her.

他举杯祝她成功。

(2)When drinking to someone's health 是一个分词短语,在句子中相当于一个时间状语从句When you are drinking to someone's health.英语中常用现在分词、过去分词短语来表示时间、原因、条件、让步等,相当于一个状语从句,但是,从句的主语与主句的主语必须完全一致才能使用这种分词短语。例如:

When crossing the road, you should look at two sides.

过马路时,你应该两边看。(相当于When you are crossing the road,…)

Having studied in the university for three years, he knows the way very well.

已在大学学了三年,他对这路线非常熟悉。(相当于Because he has studied in the university…)

Moved by the story, we all decided to study harder than before.

被这个故事打动后,我们都决心比以前更努力地学习。(相当于Because we were moved by the story…)

Having finished his homework, he went out to play football.

做完了家庭作业后,他出去踢足球。(相当于After he finished his homework…)

3.The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a little bit bigger than the ones beside them.

  靠近餐盘的刀叉稍大一点。

(1)a little bit bigger意为“稍大一点”。a little bit 用来修饰比较级。

  英语中,有一些词语或短语可用来修饰形容词或副词的比较级。如:much, far, by far(常放在比较级后),rather, even, still, any, no, a bit, a little, a little bit, a lot, lots, a great deal等等。

I feel much better today.

我今天感觉好多了。

Our life is far better than before.

我们的生活比以前好多了。

His explanation is clearer by far.

他的解释清楚得多。

Today it is rather colder than yesterday.

今天比昨天冷得多。

This applies even more to physics.

这一点对物理学甚至更适用。

A still brighter future for our motherland lies ahead.

祖国的更加美好的将来呈现在我们的面前。

Is he any better today?

他(的健康状况)今天好些了吗?

We went no farther than the bridge.

我们走到桥边就不再往前了。

His house is a bit larger than mine.

他的房子比我的房子大一点。

This building is a little taller than that tree.

这幢建筑比那棵树高一点。

This problem is a little bit more difficult than that one.

这道题比那道题要难一些。

I feel a lot better now.

我现在感觉好多了。

He runs a great deal faster than I.

他比我跑得快得多。

(2)the ones指代前面的the knife and fork.

英语中,有些词在第二次出现时,通常用另外一个词替换,以避免重复。

one 可用来替代上文出现过的可数名词的单数形式,既可指人也可指物。

ones 用来替代上文出现过的可数名词的复数形式,既可指人也可指物。

one 和 ones 常有前置修饰语。

that 可用来替换上文出现过的不可数名词,只指物,不指人,常有后置修饰语。有时也可用来替换可数名词单数,但后面常有后置修饰语。例如:

There were a few young people with some older ones in the house.

有几个老年人和年青人在房子里。

Please give me this red pencil instead of that green one.

请给我这只红铅笔而不是那只绿铅笔。

The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Peking.

上海的人口比北京多。

The best coal is that from Newcastle.

最好的煤来自纽卡索。

难点:如何确定替换词one, the one, that及those 的正确用法。

诀窍:

①指泛指(名词前有a)则后面用one,例如:

A desk made of wood is more useful than one made of paper.

②指特指(名词前有the)则后面用the one/that单数或the ones/those(复数)

The desk made of wood is more useful than the one(此处the one可用that代替)made of paper.

The desks made of wood are more useful than the ones (此处the ones可用those代替)made of paper.

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