1．gold/ golden 辨析
gold 即可作名词，也可作形容词。
gold作名词时，意思是“黄金”（指一种材料）或“金币，金制品”（coins/ objects made of this metal）
gold作形容词时，意思是“金的，金制的”。
golden 只能是形容词，意思是“金制的（made of gold）”作此义时，同gold; “金色的(of the color of gold)；极好的，幸运的，有利的（very fortunate/ favorable）”。例如：
（1）他戴着金表。
He is wearing /wears a gold /golden watch（adj. 金制的）
（2）以前，人们用金币付帐。
People used to pay in gold. （n. 金币，不可用golden）
（3）太阳照在她那金黄色的头发上。
The sun shone on the gold of her hair. (n. 金色，金黄色)
The sun shone on her golden hair.(adj.金色的)
（4）为什么不抓住这个大好机会？
Why not seize this golden opportunity? (adj.极好的，有利的)
总结：表示“金制的”gold与golden均可。但指“金色的；极好的，幸运的”只能用golden.指材料、质地时，用gold.
相关搭配：
golden age 黄金时代；（文艺）鼎盛时期
golden handshake 退休金
golden mean 中庸之道
golden rule 非常重要的原则
golden wedding 金婚纪念
golden field 采金地；金矿
goldfish 金鱼
gold leaf 金箔；薄金片
gold mine 大财源；宝库；金矿；金山
gold plate 金制餐具
gold rush 淘金热，涌向新金矿的热潮
gold smith 金匠（blacksmith铁匠）
2．tie vt. & vi. &n.
（1）意为“与……打成平局（tied, tied, tying）”，作此义时，常与介词with/for连用。
（to finish a match/ competition with equal points）。例如：
The two teams tied. 两队比赛打成平局。（vi.）
The two boys tied for the first place. 两个男孩并列第一名。（vi.）
（2）意为“系，扎，捆，拴”，相当于“fasten”。常与介词to连用。例如：
系鞋带 tie one’s shoes 系围巾 tie a scarf
打结子 tie a knot 系绷带 tie the bandage
The dog was tied to the gate.
=Please tie the dog to the gate. 狗被拴在门上。(vt. tie…to…)
（3）意为“领带，联系，纽带，束缚，平局，不分胜负”。例如：
He was wearing a white shirt and a red tie.
他穿着一件白衬衫并系了一条红领带。（n. 领带）
There are many ties of friendship between the two countries.
两国之间友情深厚。（n. 联系，纽带）
Family ties have kept him from success.
家庭束缚他没有成功。（n. 束缚）
The result of the competition was a tie.
比赛结果，双方平局。（平局，不分胜负）
（4）tie的复数形式常用在以下词组中：
ties of blood 血缘关系
ties of common interest 共同的利益关系
ties of friendship 友谊纽带
相关词组：
tie-breaker(网球)平手之后的加赛
tie up 冻结（财产、资本），管制（金钱、财物）；连起来（with）；停止（stop）。例如：
The police are trying to tie up his escape from prison with the murder.
警察正设法把他越狱的事和那件凶杀案连起来。（tie up …with…）
The traffic was tired up by the accident.
交通因意外事件而受阻。（stop）
I am tied up now.
我现在忙得不可开交。（tied up =very busy）
3．further adj. 更深入的，进一步的；更远的，较远的
Keep working as usual until further notice.
照常工作，直到有进一步通知(才停止)。（until further notice 在另行通知之前）
His house is on the further side of the street.
他的房子远在街道的那一边。
adv. 更深一层地，更进一步地，更远地，更前面地
The policeman questioned him further.
警察更进一步地讯问了他。
4．rank n 分类；分等级
This town ranks high among beauty spots.
这城市在风景区中享有盛名。
The cups ranked neatly on the shelf.
杯子整齐地排列在架子上。（整齐排列）
the rank of general 将军衔（等级）
people of all ranks 各阶层人民（社会地位）
a taxi rank 一列出租车（列；排；行列）
v. 位居；被分类……；评价……
She ranks high/first in her class
她在班上名列前茅（第一）。
5．prepare vt.
（1）“准备；预备”。常与介词for连用，构成词组：prepare…for…。例如：
Please prepare the table for dinner.
请摆好桌子吃饭。
He’s preparing his speech for the meeting tomorrow.
他正为明天集会的演说准备。
（2）prepare sb. to do sth.
The nurse is preparing the child to go to the hospital.
护士正收拾一切，要把孩子送到医院。
John was preparing himself to sit for the examination.
约翰在为应试做准备。
（3）prepare sb. sth.
His mother is preparing him a meal.
他母亲在给他做饭。
（4）be prepared to do sth. 打算/准备做某事
How much are you prepared to pay?
你算付多少钱？
（5）be prepared for sth 对……在思想上有准备，对……有准备
Philip was not prepared for the question.
菲利普对这个问题没有思想准备。
（6）be prepared against… 为抵抗……作准备
We must be prepared against SARS.
我必须做抵抗“非典”的准备。
相当于：We must prepare against SARS.
派生词：preparation 常用词组：
①make preparations for 准备……，筹备……
She is making preparations for her marriage.
她正筹备婚礼。
②in preparation for 作为……的准备
He is collecting new material in preparation for the experiment.
他正收集资料为实验作准备。
③be in preparation 在准备中
The book is in rapid preparation.
这本书正在迅速编写。
④make preparations against 为对付（防止）……作准备
We should make preparations against natural disasters.
我们应该为防止自然灾害作好准备。
此外，prepare还可作“配制，调制”讲。如：
This special medicine must be freshly prepared.
这种特殊的药每次必须重新调配。
Mother is preparing us a meal.
母亲正为我们做饭。
6．effect 结果，后果，影响效果（常与介词on/ upon连用）
主要用法：
（1）have / produce an effect on / upon… 对……有影响/起作用
A word from the teacher will have a great effect on my son.
老师的一句话能对我儿子起很大的作用。
Her new red dress produced quite an effect on everyone.
她的红色新衣给每个人留下很深刻的印象。
注意：
①可以说 have an effect on…
have a great / ..effect on…
have some effect on 对… 有一些影响
但不可以说：have some effects on…
②词组中的on / upon 不可误用为to.
（2）give effect to 实现，完成，相当于carry out.例如：
He gave effect to his dead brother’s wishes by having him buried properly.
他实现了其兄的意愿，把他好好地埋葬了。
（3）in effect
①生效[in (esp. lawful ) operation ]如：
The old system of taxation will remain in effect until next May.
旧税制到五月前仍然有效。
②实际上（in fact）如：
Her brother is king, but she is, in effect, the real ruler.
她的弟弟是国王，但实际上她才是统治者。
（4）into effect 生效 [(esp. lawful) operation] 常与一些动词构成短语：
carry /bring /come /go into effect指“使……生效/实施/起作用”。如：
明年五月新税收制度将开始生效。
The plan has been carried into effect. 这计划已实行。
（5）take effect
①生效[come into (esp. lawful) operation ]
The new system of taxation will take effect next May.
这新税收制度明年五月生效。
②奏效（begin to produce result ）
The medicine quickly took effect.
药很快见效了。
（6）to…effect 大意是（with…general meaning ）
He called me a fool, or words to that effect.
他称我是呆子或诸如此类的话。
He has made a declaration to the effect that all fighting must stop at once.
他作了宣布，大意是说战争必须立刻停止。
（7）effect 还可用作vt.，意为“实现”（cause / produce/have … as a result）.
I will effect my purpose：no one shall stop me!
我会达到目的，没有人能阻止我。（vt.）
7．compete vi. 竞争；竞赛
compete (名词为 competition)的含义仅仅是为了争得名次、奖品，并不含有将对手征服的意思。
The children compete against each other to reach the other end of the pool.
孩子们互相竞争着抵达池子的另一端。
to compete with others for a prize 为得奖与人竞争
Five children competed in the race. 五个孩子参加赛跑。
competitor n. 对手；敌手；竞争者；比赛者
There were 12 competitors in the two-hundred-metre race.
有十二名选手参加二百米赛跑。
competition n.
（1）竞争
He was in competition with 10 others for the job.
为得到这份工作他与10个人展开竞争。
Because there is so much unemployment, the competition for jobs is very fierce.
由于失业如此众多，求职的竞争十分激烈。
（2）比赛；竞赛
He takes part in a swimming competition.
他参加游泳比赛。
1．stand for 代表，代替，象征；支持
同义词：represent / on behalf of
stand for 的用法
①to be a sign or short form of; represent; mean 象征，代表；表示；意指
What does the“WTO”stand for? WTO代表什么？（mean / represent）
比较：stand for / represent / on behalf of
on behalf of常与sb.连用。构成短语：on behalf of sb或on sb’s behalf，意为“作为……的代表”（acting/ speaking for sb., in the interest of sb.; as the representative of sb.）常指代表某人的做法/言论/利益或代表某人本人。美国英语也作in behalf of sb. 或in sb’s behalf。例如：
My husband can’t be here today, so I’m going to speak on his behalf (on behalf of him).
我丈夫今天不能来，所以我要代表他说话。（不可用stand for）
represent 除了有 stand for 意义外，还有“表现，描绘”，常与as连用。例如：
This painting represents a storm at sea.
这幅画描绘了海上的暴风雨。
He represented himself as a friend of the workers, but now we know the truth.
他声称是工人之友，但现在我们知道真相了。
（represent oneself as 声称自己是……身份）
此句也可写为：He represented himself as being friendly to the workers, but now we know the truth.（represent oneself as being…）
He represented me to be his father.
他说我是他父亲。（represent sb to be声称某人是……）
He represented me as a cruel father.
他说我是一个很残酷的父亲。（represent sb as…）
注意：represent…as…中，represent不可用stand for或on behalf of替换。
②stand for还可作“忍受，容忍，纵容”之意。例如：
I won’t stand for any more of your rudeness.
我不愿再忍受你的无礼。
③作“主张”，“拥护”，“支持”之意，相当于support。例如：
Before we elect him to parliament, We want to know what he stands for.
在我们选他当国会议员之前，我们要知道他的主张。
总结：
①stand for 意思为“象征，代表”时，相当于represent.但是represent还有“描绘，表现”之意。构成词组：
意思是“把某人/自己描绘成/说成……”。
②in/ on behalf of sb或in/ on sb’s behalf意为“代表某人（的言论，行为，利益等）”
③represent 还可作“再赠予，再送”之意。
2．because of 因为，由于
此词组是一个介词词组，后面须接名词、代词或动名词，不可接句子。
cf. because 是一连词，后面须接句子。例如：
玛丽没有上学，因为她病了。
Mary didn’t come to school because of her illness.
相当于：Mary didn’t come to school because she was ill.
拓展：与because of同义的词组还有：owing to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, due to，for the reason of 等等。例如：
由于这场洪水，成千上万的人无家可归。
Thousands of people became homeless because of the flood.
相当于：Thousands of people became homeless owing to the flood.
Thousands of people became homeless thanks to the flood.
Thousands of people became homeless due to the flood.
Thousands of people became homeless on account of the flood.
注意：for作介词也可作“因为，由于”讲，但它经常与reason连用，构成短语。
for…reason 例如：for this/ that/ some reason由于这个/那个/某个原因
Marx was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons.
马克思由于政治原因被迫离开了祖国。
3．take part 参加
主要用法：take part in 常指“分担责任，参加，参与”尤指参加各种活动、运动。当后面不接宾语时，省去介词in。例如：
The Swiss did not take part in the two World Wars.
这个瑞士人没有参加过这两次世界大战。
We should take an active part in all kinds of useful activities.
我们应该积极参加各种有用的活动。
①take part in / take an active part in
注意：take part in 是固定词组，part 前不能有冠词。
但take an active part in “积极参加”，词组中的冠词an不可省。
②take part in / take a part in
take a part in 相当于play a part in 指“扮演一个角色”。例如：
She will play / take a part in this play.
她将会在这个戏中扮演一个角色。
③take part in / join in
join in 也指“参加（常指作为一个成员）某项活动”，用法基本同take part in，但take part in 常与某物连用，而不与某人连用。即：
take part in sth（正确）
take part in sb（错误）
join in 可有以下搭配方式：
join in sth 参加某项活动
join sb in sth 参与到某人的活动中去
但不可说join in sb，可说join in with sb.例如：
Sarah never joins in (with us), she always plays on her own.
莎拉一向不（和我们）合群，她总是一个人玩。
注意：join in 词组中的“in”可以介词，也可以是副词，即join in 后面可以有宾语（in 为介词）也可以没有宾语（in为副词）。但take part in中的in只能为介词，词组后面必须有宾语。
4．would rather 宁愿，宁可
此词组通常用来表达一种选择（expressing a choice）。用法如下：
（1）would rather ＋动词原形。例如：
Which would you rather do, go to the cinema or stay at home?
你要看电影，还是待在家里？
(would rather引导的疑问句，直接把would提至句首即可)
I would rather not say what I think.
我还是不说的好。
（would rather引导的否定句，直接在rather后加上not，注意not不可加在would后）
（2）would rather＋句子（sb. did sth.,谓语用过去时），指某人宁愿现在和将来要做的事情。
I’d rather you went home now.
我愿意让你现在就回家了。（现在）
Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend.
明天别来，我希望你下周末来。（将来）
－Shall I open a window? 我开一扇窗好吗？
—I’d rather you didn’t. 你最好别开。
（3）would rather＋句子 (sb.＋had/hadn't done sth.)，指某人宁愿过去已（没）做过某事。例如：
I’d rather you hadn’t done that.
我希望你没有做过那件事。
（4）would rather like… 相当于would you like…,常用于口语中，例如：
－I’d rather like a cup of coffee.
－Oh, would you? I’d rather have a beer.
－我很想来杯咖啡。
－噢，是吗？我宁愿喝啤酒。
（5）would rather do sth. than do sth. else相当于would do sth. rather than do sth.意思“宁愿做……而不愿做”。例如：
He would rather stay at home than go to the cinema.
他宁愿呆在家里也不愿去看电影。
相当于：He would stay at home rather than go to the cinema.
5．every four years 每四年
every表示“每隔”的用法：
（1）“every other+单数名词”意思是“每隔一……”。
如：every other day 每隔一天
every other tree 每隔一棵树
She goes to town every other day.
她每隔一天去城里一次。
（2）“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”意思是“每隔……”（较英语数词少一个）.
如：every three days=every third day 每隔两天（或者译为每三天）
因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天（或者译为每两天）
Take the medicine every four hours.
每四小时服药一次。
I go home every fourth week.
我每四个星期回家一次。
（3）“every few+复数名词”意思是“每隔几……”。
如：every few days 每隔几天
He stopped and turned round every few meters.
1．In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals, ranking third of all the competing countries.
在悉尼，中国队共获28枚金牌，列所有参赛国的第三。
ranking third of all the competing countries 是一个由v.-ing 形式引导的伴随状语，指rank的动作与got的动作同时发生，此句相当于：
In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals and ranked third of all the competing countries.
英语中，伴随状语可由现在分词，也可由过去分词的形容词或形容词及形容词短语来充当。这种伴随状语有时也用来表示结果。例如：
The students entered the classroom, jumping and singing.
学生们又唱又跳地进了教室。（伴随状语）
相当于：The students entered the classroom and they jumped and sang at the same time.
A terrible flood happened in 1998, making thousands of people homeless.
1998年发生了一场洪水，使成千上万的人无家可归。（making 引导的短语常用来作结果状语）
They cut off the electricity, preventing a fire in time.
他们切断了电源了，及时地阻止了一场火灾。（结果状语）
The woman stood at the gate of the village, worried about the safety of her son.
这位妇女站在村口，为她儿子的安全担心。（形容词短语作伴随状语）
相当于：The woman stood at the gate of the village, and she was worried about the safety of her son at the same time.
The students stood outside the teacher’s office, eager to know the result of their examination.
学生们站在办公室的外面，希望马上能得到考试的结果。
（形容词短语作伴随状语，此句相当于：The students stood outside the teacher’s office, and they were eager to know the result of their exam at the same time.）
2．Yao Ming has more than just size. 姚明不仅仅人高马大。
more than just size不仅仅是身高。注意下列各句中more than的各种意思：
They were more than willing to help you.
他们非常乐意帮助我们。
The child was more frightened than hurt.
这孩子的伤倒算不了什么，只是受惊不小。
It costs him no more than one dollar a week.
这事每星期只花他一元钱。
He’s no more able to read Spanish than I am.
他和我一样都读不懂西班牙语。
3．Yao Ming is working hard to live his dream and show the world that Chinese basketballplayers love this game too!
姚明正在努力实现他的梦想，同时他也在向全世界显示中国篮球队员也热爱篮球运动。
live his dream意为“实现他的梦想”，live 意为“在生活中表现（信念、理想等）、实行”，如：live one’s faith在生活中实现自己的信念
我们也可说“live a + 形容词+ life”，意为“过着……的生活”。
live a happy/ busy / simple life 过着快乐/ 繁忙 / 朴实的生活
